Difference between revisions of "Libyan Arab Airlines Flight 114"

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'''Libyan Arab Airlines Flight 114''' (LN 114), a Boeing 727–224 aircraft registration 5A-DAH, was a scheduled flight from [[Tripoli]] to [[Cairo]] ''via'' [[Benghazi]]. [[Flight LN 114]] was shot down on 21 February 1973 by two [[Israel]]i F-4 Phantom II jets over the [[Sinai Peninsula]], killing 108 passengers and crew. There were five survivors. The incident occurred during a period of tension in the Middle East and led to the Arab-Israel [[Yom Kippur War]], which began on 6 October 1973.
+
'''Libyan Arab Airlines Flight 114''' (LN 114), a Boeing 727–224 aircraft registration 5A-DAH, was a scheduled flight from [[Tripoli]] to [[Cairo]] ''via'' [[Benghazi]]. [[Flight LN 114]] was shot down on 21 February 1973 by two Israeli F-4 Phantom II jets over the [[Sinai Peninsula]], killing 108 passengers and crew. There were five survivors.
  
−
At 10:30 on 21 February 1973, [[Flight LN 114]] left Tripoli, and became lost because of a combination of bad weather and equipment failure over northern Egypt around 13:44 (1:44&nbsp;pm local). The aircraft entered Israeli-controlled airspace over the Sinai Peninsula, where it was intercepted by two Israeli F-4 Phantom IIs, and was shot down near Ismailia after allegedly refusing to land as directed by the Israeli pilots.<ref>{{cite journal|author= John T. Phelps (Maj.)|title= Aerial intrusions by Civil and Military Aircraft in a Time of Peace|journal= Military Law Review|volume= 107|pages= 255–303|publisher= Judge Advocate General's School, U.S. Army|date= Winter 1985|url= http://www.loc.gov/rr/frd/Military_Law/Military_Law_Review/pdf-files/27786D~1.pdf|archiveurl= http://www.webcitation.org/6IBb2YEMC|archivedate= 17 July 2013}}</ref> Of the 113 people on board, there were five survivors, including the co-pilot.<ref>[http://www.airsafe.com/events/models/b727.htm "List of 727 incidents"]</ref><ref>http://aviation-safety.net/database/dblist.php?Year=1973</ref>
+
The shootdown of the airliner occurred during a period of heightened tension in the Middle East leading to the Arab-Israel [[Yom Kippur War]] that began on 6 October 1973.
  
−
==Account==
+
While some incidents of aviation carnage are well recorded and thus well remembered, others are conveniently ignored. An event occurred earlier in the 1970s that is constantly omitted from articles written about attacks on civilian aircraft and seems to have been largely forgotten by the media and aviation history, and therefore has basically lapsed from the public’s consciousness.<ref>[http://world.mediamonitors.net/Headlines/Forgotten-History-The-Case-of-Libyan-Arab-Airlines-Flight-114 "Forgotten History: The Case of Libyan Arab Airlines Flight 114"] by Steven Katsineris, 1 February 2008</ref>
−
[[File:Libyan Arab Airlines Boeing 727 5A-DAH.jpg|thumb|right|Boeing 727 5A-DAH in 1972]]
 
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Operated with a [[Boeing 727]]–224, [[Aircraft registration|registration]] 5A-DAH, Flight 114 was an international scheduled [[Tripoli]]–[[Benghazi]]–[[Cairo]] passenger service. There was a crew of nine on board the aircraft. The [[pilot-in-command]], named Jacques Bourges and aged 42, was French, as were four other [[crew member]]s. The entire crew was under a contractual arrangement between [[Air France]] and Libyan Arab Airlines.<ref>{{cite news|title= Libyan Arab Airlines Flight 114 was lost over Sinai Desert|newspaper= The Journal|date= 23 January 1973|url= http://news.google.com/newspapers?id=s_9HAAAAIBAJ&sjid=RQANAAAAIBAJ&pg=6095,2631072&dq=libyan+airlines+flight+114&hl=en}}</ref> After a brief stop at Benghazi in eastern [[Libya]], the aircraft continued en route to Cairo with 113 people on board.
 
  
−
As the airliner cruised over northern [[Egypt]], a large sandstorm below forced the crew to rely completely on instrument navigation. A short time later, around 13:44, the pilot suspected that he had made a navigational error because of a compass malfunction: he could not find an [[Air traffic control radar beacon system|air traffic beacon]], and could not ascertain the plane's current location. He did not report his worries to Cairo air traffic control. Instead, at 13:52 he received permission from Cairo to begin his descent. Pushed by strong tailwinds, the aircraft had drifted east, and was flying over the [[Suez canal]]. Sinai (to the east of the canal) had been occupied by Israel in the 1967 [[Six-Day War]].  The [[Israeli Defence Forces]] (IDF) were on high alert; [[Israel]] was in a state of war with Egypt at the time, and thought it suspicious that no Egyptian missiles had been fired at the plane, nor [[MiG]]s scrambled to intercept it. Also, the aircraft was approaching the airspace over the highly secretive [[Negev Nuclear Research Center|Dimona nuclear facility]], where Israel was [[Nuclear weapons and Israel|allegedly producing nuclear weapons]], and Israel was hypersensitive about the facility.<ref>{{cite book| last = Pry| first = Peter| title = Israel's nuclear arsenal| series = Westview's special studies| year = 1984| publisher = Westview Press| location = USA| isbn = 0-86531-739-9| page = 85}}</ref><ref>{{cite book| last = New| first = David S.| title = Holy War: The Rise of Militant Christian, Jewish, and Islamic Fundamentalism| year = 2002| publisher = McFarland & Company| location = USA| isbn = 0-7864-1336-0| page = 173}}</ref>
+
==Air France crew==
 +
[[File:Libyan Arab Airlines Boeing 727 5A-DAH.jpg|400px|thumb|right|Boeing 727-224 aircraft registration 5A-DAH in 1972]]
 +
On 21 February 1973, Libyan Arab Airlines Flight 114 left Tripoli at 10:30 on its regular trip to Cairo. The crew of nine on board the aircraft were contracted to Air France and the pilot-in-command, Jacques Bourges (aged 42) was French, as were four other crew members. The co-pilot was Libyan.<ref>{{cite news|title= Libyan Arab Airlines Flight 114 was lost over Sinai Desert|newspaper= The Journal|date= 23 January 1973|url= http://news.google.com/newspapers?id=s_9HAAAAIBAJ&sjid=RQANAAAAIBAJ&pg=6095,2631072&dq=libyan+airlines+flight+114&hl=en}}</ref> The jet had 113 people on board. After a brief stop over at Benghazi in eastern Libya the flight continued towards Cairo.<ref>{{cite journal|author= John T. Phelps (Maj.)|title= Aerial intrusions by Civil and Military Aircraft in a Time of Peace|journal= Military Law Review|volume= 107|pages= 255–303|publisher= Judge Advocate General's School, U.S. Army|date= Winter 1985|url= http://www.loc.gov/rr/frd/Military_Law/Military_Law_Review/pdf-files/27786D~1.pdf|archiveurl= http://www.webcitation.org/6IBb2YEMC|archivedate= 17 July 2013}}</ref><ref>[http://www.airsafe.com/events/models/b727.htm "List of 727 incidents"]</ref><ref>http://aviation-safety.net/database/dblist.php?Year=1973</ref>
  
−
At 13:54, Flight 114 entered airspace over the Sinai desert, cruising at {{convert|20000|ft|sp=us}}. Two minutes later, two [[Israeli Air Force]] F-4 fighters were scrambled to investigate and they intercepted the airliner at 13:59. The Israeli fighter pilots attempted to make visual contact with the passenger airliner's crew, and tried to communicate to them by signaling with their hands, dipping their wings and firing warning shots, that they should follow the F-4s back to [[Rephidim Air Base]]. The 727 crew's response was interpreted as a denial of that request. The 727 turned back to the west, and the Israeli pilots interpreted this as an attempt to flee.<ref>Gero, David. ''Aviation Disasters: The World's Major Civil Airliner Crashes Since 1940 (4th Edition)'' ISBN 0-7509-3146-9, pp. 116–117</ref>
+
But ''en route'' it encountered a severe sandstorm and lost its course over northern Egypt. The crew was forced to switch to instrument control because they were not able to make out landmarks in the blinding storm. The pilot then became very anxious that he may have made a navigational error after he realised their compass was malfunctioning as well. The pilot received permission from Cairo air control tower to begin descent, but he was unable to find an air traffic beacon. The pilot was unaware that by this time the aircraft, pushed by strong tailwinds had drifted significantly to the east and was now flying over the [[Suez Canal]]. At 13:54, the plane flew over Sinai, Egyptian territory that had been occupied by Israel since the 1967 [[Six-Day War]] and so entered Israeli airspace.
  
−
The Israeli F-4 pilots fired bursts of 20mm rounds with the F-4's M61 Vulcan cannon. The rounds severely damaged control surfaces, hydraulic systems, and the wing structure itself. Flight 114 crashed while attempting an emergency landing in an area covered with sand dunes. Following an explosion near the right main landing gear during the crash, 108 of the 113 people aboard died.
+
==Israeli version==
 +
As the Libyan airplane flew over the Sinai Desert, cruising at 20,000 feet, the [[Israel Defence Forces]] (IDF) were on high alert; Israel was in a state of war with Egypt at the time, and thought it suspicious that no Egyptian missiles had been fired at the plane, nor [[MiG]]s scrambled to intercept it. Also, the aircraft was approaching the airspace over the highly secretive Negev Nuclear Research Centre at [[Dimona]], where Israel was producing nuclear weapons.<ref>{{cite book| last = Pry| first = Peter| title = Israel's nuclear arsenal| series = Westview's special studies| year = 1984| publisher = Westview Press| location = USA| isbn = 0-86531-739-9| page = 85}}</ref><ref>{{cite book| last = New| first = David S.| title = Holy War: The Rise of Militant Christian, Jewish, and Islamic Fundamentalism| year = 2002| publisher = McFarland & Company| location = USA| isbn = 0-7864-1336-0| page = 173}}</ref> A few minutes later, two Israeli F-4 Phantom II jet fighters intercepted the plane. The Israeli fighter pilots radioed and signalled the airliner’s crew to follow them. The plane’s crew responded with hand gestures, but it is not known if they properly understood the instructions. The Israeli jets headed for the Israeli military base at Refidim, followed by the airliner. At this time the Libyan aircraft’s crew contacted the Cairo airport and reported their inability to find the airport beacon.
 +
 
 +
According to the Israeli account, after the Israeli jets fired tracer shells at the Libyan airliner it started to descend. Then it turned back towards the west and increased altitude. The Israelis thought that it was circling for a second landing attempt, but when the airliner headed further west the Israeli pilots thought it was trying to escape.<ref>Gero, David. ''Aviation Disasters: The World's Major Civil Airliner Crashes Since 1940 (4th Edition)'' ISBN 0-7509-3146-9, pp. 116–117</ref>
 +
 
 +
At this point evidently the Israeli military decided the plane was on a terrorist mission to Israel. The Israeli fighters were instructed not to let it escape and to force the airliner to land. The pilots then fired two warning shots as the Boeing continued to fly west. The Israeli F-4 jets fired at the Libyan aircraft’s wings. The airliner attempted a crash landing, but hit a large sand dune, killing 108 of the 113 passengers and crew. The airliner was near [[Ismailia]], a minute away from Egyptian territory.
 +
 
 +
==Pilot's perspective==
 +
The perception of the airline crew to the situation was markedly different. When the Israeli F-4 jets arrived the Libyan co-pilot incorrectly identified them as Egyptian jets. When the pilots of the fighters signalled the aircraft, the captain and flight engineer complained about the rudeness of the ‘Egyptian’ pilots. There are two airfields around Cairo: Cairo West, which is the international airport and Cairo East, which is a military airbase. The Libyan airliner’s crew understood that the presence of the assumed Egyptian fighters was an escort back to Cairo West. As the airline descended towards what they thought was the international airport at Cairo West, they realised it was a military base and turned back. The confused crew of the Libyan aircraft thought it was Cairo East, but it was in fact Refidim air base. Soon after the airliner was fired upon by the Israeli jet fighters. According to the black box recorder the crew couldn’t understand why they had been fired at, but then realised the fighter jets were Israeli, not Egyptian. Shortly afterward the Libyan plane was hit and crashed. It should be remembered that before being shot down the Libyan civilian airliner was heading west. So even if the airliner had been on an operation to strike at Israel as the Israelis supposed, at the time it was moving away from Israel and of no imminent threat. And in such circumstances the Israeli military should have deferred taking action, rather than risk making a dreadful mistake. As it turned out, the real situation was that the airliner was merely off course and in distress.
 +
 
 +
==Complaint to UN Security Council==
 +
After the Libyan airplane was shot down, Israel initially denied involvement in the crash. But when the Boeing’s black box was recovered with the crew’s recorded conversations with Cairo control tower, the Israeli government eventually admitted their involvement in the disastrous incident. The Israelis further revealed that the aircraft was shot down with the personal approval of David Elazar, the then [[IDF]] Chief of Staff.
 +
 
 +
According to documents from [[United Nations Security Council]] records, the Egyptian Ambassador made the following statement about the slaughter of the crew and passengers on [[Flight LN 114]]:
 +
:“Upon urgent instructions from my government and in view of the seriousness of the situation arising from the most brazenly criminal act perpetrated by Israeli fighters over the occupied Egyptian territory of Sinai against a Libyan civil Boeing 727 Airliner in distress and carrying civilian passengers of different nationalities, I would like to bring the following points to your attention, as well as to the attention of the members of the Security Council.
 +
:"On 21 February 1973, a Libyan airliner proceeding on a scheduled flight from Benghazi to Cairo deviated from its original course owing to navigational difficulties as well as to bad weather conditions. The airliner, therefore accidentally over flew the occupied Egyptian territory of Sinai. Thereupon the civil aircraft was intercepted by four Israeli fighters and in spite of the fact that the aircraft was unmistakably civilian, the Israeli fighters, upon instructions, cleared with the highest authorities in Israel, treacherously and without warning attacked the airliner with cannon fire and missiles while it was heading west. This flagrant premeditated and barbaric act of aggression resulted in the crash of the civil aircraft and caused the death of 108 helpless and defenceless victims.
 +
:"It is worthwhile to note that the aircraft deviated into Sinai, which is illegally occupied by Israel, in defiance of the principles and purposes of the Charter of the United Nations and the numerous resolutions of the world organisation. Had Israel respected and implemented its obligations under the Charter and the United Nations resolution, the said massacre would have been avoided and the innocent lives would have been spared.
 +
:"The Egyptian Government considers the Israeli act of shooting down a civilian aircraft to be another aggression carried out by Israel to new heights, as well as a crime committed in cold blood against a civil air transport vehicle and as such, it is a flagrant and serious threat to the safety of international aviation.
 +
:"The Egyptian Government draws attention to the fact that Israel is callously engaged in a premeditated campaign of massacre and mass killing in the occupied Arab territories in particular and in the region in general. The recent unprovoked aggression against [[Lebanon]], which resulted in the killing of tens of civilians, is a case in point. It occurred on 21 February, the day that the horrible crime against the civil aircraft occurred. Other official Israeli terrorist operations in the Middle East need not be enumerated in this respect. It is a matter of criminal record and common indignation.”
 +
 
 +
==Responsibility==
 +
The Israeli government claimed that given the tense security situation and the erratic behaviour of the Libyan jet’s crew, the actions that the Israeli government took were proper and consistent with Israel’s right to self-defence. The Israeli leader at the time, Prime Minister [[Golda Meir]] and the then Israeli Minister of Defence, General [[Moshe Dayan]], were responsible for the giving the orders to shoot down the civilian aircraft. But the final decision to shoot down the Libyan airliner was made by then Chief of Staff of the [[IDF]] General David Elazar, acting on flawed intelligence data supplied by [[Mossad]]. General [[Zvi Zamir]] and Head of Military Intelligence General [[Eli Zeira]] also bear responsibility for their part in the mass murder of these innocent airline passengers and crew.
 +
 
 +
==Censured by ICAO==
 +
The UN Security Council after heated debate decided not to take any action against Israel, citing the right of sovereign nations to self-defence under international law. The thirty member nations of the [[International Civil Aviation Organisation]] (ICAO), however, voted to censure Israel for the attack. During the vote the [[United States|USA]] typically abstained.
  
 
===Aftermath===
 
===Aftermath===
−
The co-pilot, who survived, later said that the flight crew knew the Israeli jets wanted them to land but relations between Israel and Libya made them decide against following instructions. In direct contradiction to the co-pilot's own account the Libyan government stated that the attack occurred without warning. Israel's air force claimed that Flight 114 was a security threat, and that among the possible tasks it could have been undertaking was an aerial spy mission over the Israeli air base at [[Bir Gifgafa Airfield|Bir Gifgafa]].
+
The Libyan co-pilot, who survived, later said that the flight crew knew the Israeli jets wanted them to land but relations between Israel and Libya made them decide against following instructions. In direct contradiction to the co-pilot's own account [[Muammar Gaddafi]]'s government stated that the attack occurred without warning. Israel's air force claimed that [[Flight LN 114]] was a security threat, and that among the possible tasks it could have been undertaking was an aerial spy mission over the Israeli air base at Bir Gifgafa.
  
−
The Israeli government also revealed that LN 114 was shot down with the personal authorisation of [[David Elazar]], the Israeli Chief of Staff. Israel's argument was that the heightened security situation and the erratic behavior of the jet's crew made the actions taken prudent. Contrary to what the Israeli government revealed, in his book ''By Way of Deception'', Ostrovsky claimed that the chief of the air force could not be found and the decision to shoot down the airliner was made by a captain.<ref>Ostrovsky, Victor (1 October 2009). By Way of Deception (Kindle Locations 3442–3444). Wilshire Press. Kindle Edition.</ref> The United Nations did not take any action against Israel. The 30 member nations of the [[International Civil Aviation Organisation]] (ICAO) voted to censure Israel for the attack. The United States did not accept the reasoning given by Israel, and condemned the incident. Israel's Defence Minister, [[Moshe Dayan]], called it an "error of judgment", and Israel paid compensation to the victims' families.
+
Although the Israeli government revealed that the Libyan plane was shot down with the personal authorisation of [[David Elazar]], the IDF Chief of Staff, Victor Ostrovsky claimed in his book "By Way of Deception" that Elazar could not be found and the decision to shoot down the airliner was actually made by a captain.<ref>Ostrovsky, Victor (1 October 2009). By Way of Deception (Kindle Locations 3442–3444). Wilshire Press. Kindle Edition.</ref> Israel's Defence Minister, [[Moshe Dayan]], reportedly called the shootdown an "error of judgment", and said Israel should pay compensation to the victims' families.
  
 
==References==
 
==References==

Revision as of 23:17, 8 November 2015

Event.png Libyan Arab Airlines Flight 114 Rdf-entity.pngRdf-icon.png
727-f4-3.png
Type Civil airliner shootdown
Deaths108
Injured (non-fatal)5
Survivors5

Libyan Arab Airlines Flight 114 (LN 114), a Boeing 727–224 aircraft registration 5A-DAH, was a scheduled flight from Tripoli to Cairo via Benghazi. Flight LN 114 was shot down on 21 February 1973 by two Israeli F-4 Phantom II jets over the Sinai Peninsula, killing 108 passengers and crew. There were five survivors.

The shootdown of the airliner occurred during a period of heightened tension in the Middle East leading to the Arab-Israel Yom Kippur War that began on 6 October 1973.

While some incidents of aviation carnage are well recorded and thus well remembered, others are conveniently ignored. An event occurred earlier in the 1970s that is constantly omitted from articles written about attacks on civilian aircraft and seems to have been largely forgotten by the media and aviation history, and therefore has basically lapsed from the public’s consciousness.[1]

Air France crew

File:Libyan Arab Airlines Boeing 727 5A-DAH.jpg
Boeing 727-224 aircraft registration 5A-DAH in 1972

On 21 February 1973, Libyan Arab Airlines Flight 114 left Tripoli at 10:30 on its regular trip to Cairo. The crew of nine on board the aircraft were contracted to Air France and the pilot-in-command, Jacques Bourges (aged 42) was French, as were four other crew members. The co-pilot was Libyan.[2] The jet had 113 people on board. After a brief stop over at Benghazi in eastern Libya the flight continued towards Cairo.[3][4][5]

But en route it encountered a severe sandstorm and lost its course over northern Egypt. The crew was forced to switch to instrument control because they were not able to make out landmarks in the blinding storm. The pilot then became very anxious that he may have made a navigational error after he realised their compass was malfunctioning as well. The pilot received permission from Cairo air control tower to begin descent, but he was unable to find an air traffic beacon. The pilot was unaware that by this time the aircraft, pushed by strong tailwinds had drifted significantly to the east and was now flying over the Suez Canal. At 13:54, the plane flew over Sinai, Egyptian territory that had been occupied by Israel since the 1967 Six-Day War and so entered Israeli airspace.

Israeli version

As the Libyan airplane flew over the Sinai Desert, cruising at 20,000 feet, the Israel Defence Forces (IDF) were on high alert; Israel was in a state of war with Egypt at the time, and thought it suspicious that no Egyptian missiles had been fired at the plane, nor MiGs scrambled to intercept it. Also, the aircraft was approaching the airspace over the highly secretive Negev Nuclear Research Centre at Dimona, where Israel was producing nuclear weapons.[6][7] A few minutes later, two Israeli F-4 Phantom II jet fighters intercepted the plane. The Israeli fighter pilots radioed and signalled the airliner’s crew to follow them. The plane’s crew responded with hand gestures, but it is not known if they properly understood the instructions. The Israeli jets headed for the Israeli military base at Refidim, followed by the airliner. At this time the Libyan aircraft’s crew contacted the Cairo airport and reported their inability to find the airport beacon.

According to the Israeli account, after the Israeli jets fired tracer shells at the Libyan airliner it started to descend. Then it turned back towards the west and increased altitude. The Israelis thought that it was circling for a second landing attempt, but when the airliner headed further west the Israeli pilots thought it was trying to escape.[8]

At this point evidently the Israeli military decided the plane was on a terrorist mission to Israel. The Israeli fighters were instructed not to let it escape and to force the airliner to land. The pilots then fired two warning shots as the Boeing continued to fly west. The Israeli F-4 jets fired at the Libyan aircraft’s wings. The airliner attempted a crash landing, but hit a large sand dune, killing 108 of the 113 passengers and crew. The airliner was near Ismailia, a minute away from Egyptian territory.

Pilot's perspective

The perception of the airline crew to the situation was markedly different. When the Israeli F-4 jets arrived the Libyan co-pilot incorrectly identified them as Egyptian jets. When the pilots of the fighters signalled the aircraft, the captain and flight engineer complained about the rudeness of the ‘Egyptian’ pilots. There are two airfields around Cairo: Cairo West, which is the international airport and Cairo East, which is a military airbase. The Libyan airliner’s crew understood that the presence of the assumed Egyptian fighters was an escort back to Cairo West. As the airline descended towards what they thought was the international airport at Cairo West, they realised it was a military base and turned back. The confused crew of the Libyan aircraft thought it was Cairo East, but it was in fact Refidim air base. Soon after the airliner was fired upon by the Israeli jet fighters. According to the black box recorder the crew couldn’t understand why they had been fired at, but then realised the fighter jets were Israeli, not Egyptian. Shortly afterward the Libyan plane was hit and crashed. It should be remembered that before being shot down the Libyan civilian airliner was heading west. So even if the airliner had been on an operation to strike at Israel as the Israelis supposed, at the time it was moving away from Israel and of no imminent threat. And in such circumstances the Israeli military should have deferred taking action, rather than risk making a dreadful mistake. As it turned out, the real situation was that the airliner was merely off course and in distress.

Complaint to UN Security Council

After the Libyan airplane was shot down, Israel initially denied involvement in the crash. But when the Boeing’s black box was recovered with the crew’s recorded conversations with Cairo control tower, the Israeli government eventually admitted their involvement in the disastrous incident. The Israelis further revealed that the aircraft was shot down with the personal approval of David Elazar, the then IDF Chief of Staff.

According to documents from United Nations Security Council records, the Egyptian Ambassador made the following statement about the slaughter of the crew and passengers on Flight LN 114:

“Upon urgent instructions from my government and in view of the seriousness of the situation arising from the most brazenly criminal act perpetrated by Israeli fighters over the occupied Egyptian territory of Sinai against a Libyan civil Boeing 727 Airliner in distress and carrying civilian passengers of different nationalities, I would like to bring the following points to your attention, as well as to the attention of the members of the Security Council.
"On 21 February 1973, a Libyan airliner proceeding on a scheduled flight from Benghazi to Cairo deviated from its original course owing to navigational difficulties as well as to bad weather conditions. The airliner, therefore accidentally over flew the occupied Egyptian territory of Sinai. Thereupon the civil aircraft was intercepted by four Israeli fighters and in spite of the fact that the aircraft was unmistakably civilian, the Israeli fighters, upon instructions, cleared with the highest authorities in Israel, treacherously and without warning attacked the airliner with cannon fire and missiles while it was heading west. This flagrant premeditated and barbaric act of aggression resulted in the crash of the civil aircraft and caused the death of 108 helpless and defenceless victims.
"It is worthwhile to note that the aircraft deviated into Sinai, which is illegally occupied by Israel, in defiance of the principles and purposes of the Charter of the United Nations and the numerous resolutions of the world organisation. Had Israel respected and implemented its obligations under the Charter and the United Nations resolution, the said massacre would have been avoided and the innocent lives would have been spared.
"The Egyptian Government considers the Israeli act of shooting down a civilian aircraft to be another aggression carried out by Israel to new heights, as well as a crime committed in cold blood against a civil air transport vehicle and as such, it is a flagrant and serious threat to the safety of international aviation.
"The Egyptian Government draws attention to the fact that Israel is callously engaged in a premeditated campaign of massacre and mass killing in the occupied Arab territories in particular and in the region in general. The recent unprovoked aggression against Lebanon, which resulted in the killing of tens of civilians, is a case in point. It occurred on 21 February, the day that the horrible crime against the civil aircraft occurred. Other official Israeli terrorist operations in the Middle East need not be enumerated in this respect. It is a matter of criminal record and common indignation.”

Responsibility

The Israeli government claimed that given the tense security situation and the erratic behaviour of the Libyan jet’s crew, the actions that the Israeli government took were proper and consistent with Israel’s right to self-defence. The Israeli leader at the time, Prime Minister Golda Meir and the then Israeli Minister of Defence, General Moshe Dayan, were responsible for the giving the orders to shoot down the civilian aircraft. But the final decision to shoot down the Libyan airliner was made by then Chief of Staff of the IDF General David Elazar, acting on flawed intelligence data supplied by Mossad. General Zvi Zamir and Head of Military Intelligence General Eli Zeira also bear responsibility for their part in the mass murder of these innocent airline passengers and crew.

Censured by ICAO

The UN Security Council after heated debate decided not to take any action against Israel, citing the right of sovereign nations to self-defence under international law. The thirty member nations of the International Civil Aviation Organisation (ICAO), however, voted to censure Israel for the attack. During the vote the USA typically abstained.

Aftermath

The Libyan co-pilot, who survived, later said that the flight crew knew the Israeli jets wanted them to land but relations between Israel and Libya made them decide against following instructions. In direct contradiction to the co-pilot's own account Muammar Gaddafi's government stated that the attack occurred without warning. Israel's air force claimed that Flight LN 114 was a security threat, and that among the possible tasks it could have been undertaking was an aerial spy mission over the Israeli air base at Bir Gifgafa.

Although the Israeli government revealed that the Libyan plane was shot down with the personal authorisation of David Elazar, the IDF Chief of Staff, Victor Ostrovsky claimed in his book "By Way of Deception" that Elazar could not be found and the decision to shoot down the airliner was actually made by a captain.[9] Israel's Defence Minister, Moshe Dayan, reportedly called the shootdown an "error of judgment", and said Israel should pay compensation to the victims' families.

References

  1. ↑ "Forgotten History: The Case of Libyan Arab Airlines Flight 114" by Steven Katsineris, 1 February 2008
  2. ↑ {{URL|example.com|optional display text}}
  3. ↑ John T. Phelps (Maj.) (Winter 1985). "Aerial intrusions by Civil and Military Aircraft in a Time of Peace". Military Law Review. Judge Advocate General's School, U.S. Army. 107: 255–303. Archived from the original (PDF) on 17 July 2013.Page Module:Citation/CS1/styles.css must have content model "Sanitized CSS" for TemplateStyles (current model is "Scribunto").
  4. ↑ "List of 727 incidents"
  5. ↑ http://aviation-safety.net/database/dblist.php?Year=1973
  6. ↑ Pry, Peter (1984). Israel's nuclear arsenal. Westview's special studies. USA: Westview Press. p. 85. ISBN 0-86531-739-9.Page Module:Citation/CS1/styles.css must have content model "Sanitized CSS" for TemplateStyles (current model is "Scribunto").
  7. ↑ New, David S. (2002). Holy War: The Rise of Militant Christian, Jewish, and Islamic Fundamentalism. USA: McFarland & Company. p. 173. ISBN 0-7864-1336-0.Page Module:Citation/CS1/styles.css must have content model "Sanitized CSS" for TemplateStyles (current model is "Scribunto").
  8. ↑ Gero, David. Aviation Disasters: The World's Major Civil Airliner Crashes Since 1940 (4th Edition) ISBN 0-7509-3146-9, pp. 116–117
  9. ↑ Ostrovsky, Victor (1 October 2009). By Way of Deception (Kindle Locations 3442–3444). Wilshire Press. Kindle Edition.

External links

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