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| | == Background == | | == Background == |
| − | The four-sides model also known as communication square or four-ears model is a [[communication model]] described in 1981 by German psychologist [[Friedemann Schulz von Thun]].<ref name="mit">https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/315969125</ref> It describes the multi-layered structure of human utterances. In it von Thun combined the idea of a [[postulate]] (the second axiom) from psychologist [[Paul Watzlawick]], that every message contains content and relational facets, with the three sides of the [[Organon model]] by [[Karl Bühler]], that every message might reveal something about the sender, the receiver, and the request at hand.{{cn|date=January 2022}} These models are part of the linguistic [[speech act]] theory. | + | The four-sides model also known as communication square or four-ears model is a [[communication model]] described in 1981 by German psychologist [[Friedemann Schulz von Thun]].<ref name="mit">https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/315969125</ref> |
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| − | == The four sides of communication ==
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| − | Per Schulz von Thun
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| − | * The ''Factual Level'' contains statements which are matter of fact like data and facts, which are part of the message.
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| − | * In the ''[[I-message|self-revealing]]'' or [[self-disclosure]] the speaker - deliberately or unintentionally - reveals something about him or herself, their motives, values, emotions etc.
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| − | * In the ''[[Social relationship|relationship]]-layer'' the speaker expresses, how the sender gets along with the receiver and what they think of each other.
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| − | * The ''wish or [[want]]'' contains the plea or desire, the advice, instruction and possibly the effects which the speaker is seeking.
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| − | Every layer of a message can be misunderstood by itself.
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| − | The classic example of Schulz von Thun is the front-seat passenger who tells the driver: "Hey, the traffic lights are green". The driver will understand something different, depending on the ear with which he will hear, and will react differently. (On the matter layer he will understand the '''"fact"''' "''the traffic lights are green''", he could also understand it as "''Come on, drive''! ."-'''"command"''', or on the '''"relationship"''' could hear a help like "''I want to help you'', or if he hears behind it: ''I am in a hurry'' the passenger reveals part of himself "'''self-revelatory'''".") The emphasis on the four layers can be meant differently and also be understood differently. So the sender can stress the appeal of the statement and the receiver can mainly receive the relationship part of the message. This is one of the main reasons for misunderstandings.
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| − | === The factual level ===
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| − | The factual level contains what the sender wants to inform about: On the factual level the sender of the news gives data, facts and information statements. It is the sender's task to send this information clearly and understandably. The receiver proves with the "Factual ear", whether the matter message fulfills the criteria of truth (true/untrue) or relevance (relevant/irrelevant) and the completeness (satisfying/something has to be added).
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| − | In a long-term team, the matter layer may be clear and in need of only a few words.
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| − | === The self-revealing level ===
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| − | The self revealing level contains what the sender would like to reveal about themselves; It contains information about the sender . It may consist of consciously intended self-expression as well as unintended [[self-disclosure]], which is not conscious to the sender (see also [[Johari window]]). Thus, every message becomes information about the personality of the sender. The self-revealing ear of the receiver perceives which information about the sender is hidden in the message.{{cn|date=January 2022}}
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| − | === The relationship level ===
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| − | The relationship layer expresses how the sender gets along with the receiver and what the sender thinks and feels about the receiver. Depending on how the sender talks to the receiver (way of expression, body language, intonation ...) the sender expresses esteem, respect, friendliness, disinterest, contempt or something else. the sender may express what he thinks about the receiver (you-statement) and how they get along (we-statement).{{cn|date=January 2022}}Depending on which message the receiver hears with relationship ear, he feels either depressed, accepted or patronized. Good communication is distinguished by mutual appreciation.{{cn|date=January 2022}}
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| − | === The appeal or plea level ===
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| − | The appeal or want contains what the sender wants the receiver to do or think . According to von Thun whoever states something, will also affect something. This appeal-message should make the receiver do something or leave something undone. The attempt to influence someone can be less or more open (advice) or hidden (manipulation). With the "appeal ear" the receiver asks himself: "What should I do, think or feel now?" For Example: "Mothers are very appeal-influenced by children. Mum! The shoes .... Yes! I'll be right there to put them on for you."
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| | == References == | | == References == |
| − | {{reflist}} | + | {{stub}} |
This page imported content from Wikipedia on 5 March 2024.
