Difference between revisions of "Kaiser Wilhelm Institute"

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|description=A sprawling umbrella organization for many institutes, testing stations, and research units. After 1945, continued as the [[Max Planck Society]].
 
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[[Image:Dahlem Thielallee Hahn-Meitner-Bau.JPG|thumb|325px|Former Kaiser-Wilhelm-Institut for Chemistry in Berlin, the place at which [[nuclear fission]] was first detected]]
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[[Image:Freie Universitaet Berlin - Fachbereich Rechtswissenschaft.jpg|thumb|Former Kaiser-Wilhelm-Institut for Biology, Berlin]]
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The '''Kaiser Wilhelm Society for the Advancement of Science''' ([[German language|German]] ''Kaiser-Wilhelm-Gesellschaft zur Förderung der Wissenschaften'') was a [[Germany|German]] scientific institution established in the [[German Empire]] in 1911. Its functions were taken over by the [[Max Planck Society]]. The Kaiser Wilhelm Society was an umbrella organisation for many institutes, testing stations, and research units created under its authority.
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== Constitution ==
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[[File:Bundesarchiv Bild 183-R15350, Einweihung des Kaiser-Wilhelm-Instituts in Dahlem.jpg|thumb|right|Opening of the Kaiser-Wilhelm-Institut in [[Berlin-Dahlem]], 1913. From right: [[Adolf von Harnack]], Friedrich von Ilberg, [[Wilhelm II, German Emperor|Kaiser Wilhelm II]], [[Carl Neuberg]], [[August von Trott zu Solz]]]]
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The Kaiser Wilhelm Gesellschaft (KWG) was founded in 1911 in order to promote the [[natural sciences]] in Germany, by founding and maintaining research institutions formally independent from the state and its administrations. The institutions were to be under the guidance of prominent directors, which included luminaries such as [[Walther Bothe]], [[Peter Debye]], [[Albert Einstein]], [[Fritz Haber]] and [[Otto Hahn]]; a board of trustees also provided guidance.
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Funding was ultimately obtained from sources internal and external to Germany. Internally, money was raised from individuals, industry and the government, as well as through the [[Notgemeinschaft der Deutschen Wissenschaft]] (Emergency Association of German Science).
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External to Germany, the [[Rockefeller Foundation]] granted students worldwide one-year study stipends, for whichever institute they chose, some studied in Germany.<ref>Macrakis, 1993, pp. 11–28 and 273–274.</ref><ref>Hentschel, 1996, Appendix A; see the entries for the Kaiser Wilhelm Gesellschaft and the Kaiser Wilhelm Institute for Fluid Dynamics Research.</ref><ref>[http://www.archiv-berlin.mpg.de/tektonik/deutsch.php/AbteilungI/Einleitung List of Kaiser Wilhelm Institutes] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130909062653/http://www.archiv-berlin.mpg.de/tektonik/deutsch.php/AbteilungI/Einleitung |date=2013-09-09 }} in summary of holdings, Section I (Bestandsübersicht, I. Abteilung), on the website of the Max Planck Gesellschaft Archives (in German). Retrieved 2015-08-29.</ref> In contrast to the German universities, with their formal independence from state administrations the institutions of the Kaiser Wilhelm Gesellschaft had no obligation to teach students.
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The Kaiser Wilhelm Institute and its research facilities were involved in weapons research, experimentation and production in both the First World War and the Second World War. During the [[World War I]], the group, and in particular [[Fritz Haber]], was responsible for introducing the use of [[Chemical weapons in World War I|poison gas]] as a weapon.<ref>https://www.mpg.de/195494/Kaiser_Wilhelm_Society</ref> This was in direct violation of established [[Hague Conventions of 1899 and 1907|international law]].
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==Eugenics and Human Experiments==
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The Kaiser Wilhelm Institute's Institute for Anthropology, Human Heredity and Eugenics became known for its [[eugenics]] research, something which was a strong part of mainstream science in at the time. The institute provided the "scientific" basis of legitimacy for the genetic health and race policy of the National Socialist state.<ref>Hans-Walter Schmuhl: Grenzüberschreitungen. Das Kaiser-Wilhelm-Institut für Anthropologie, menschliche Erblehre und Eugenik 1927–1945. Wallstein, Göttingen 2005, S. 531</ref>
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During World War II, some of the weapons and medical research performed by the KWI was connected to fatal [[human experimentation]] on living test subjects (prisoners) in [[Nazi concentration camps]].<ref>Müller-Hill, Benno (1999). "The Blood from Auschwitz and the Silence of the Scholars". History and Philosophy of the Life Sciences. 21 (3): 331–365</ref> In fact, members of the [[Kaiser Wilhelm Institute of Anthropology, Human Heredity, and Eugenics|KWI of Anthropology, Human Heredity and Eugenics]], particularly [[Otmar Freiherr von Verschuer|Otmar von Verschuer]] received preserved [[Jewish]] bodies  and body parts such as eyes for study and display from [[Auschwitz concentration camp|Auschwitz.]] <ref>https://www.mpg.de/195494/Kaiser_Wilhelm_Society</ref> These were provided by his pupil Dr. [[Josef Mengele]] from prisoners in his charge. He specialized in examining twins, and their genetic relationship, especially for their [[eye colour]] and other personal qualities.<ref>https://www.mpg.de/195494/Kaiser_Wilhelm_Society</ref> As the American forces closed in on the relocated KWI, the organization's president, [[Albert Vögler]], an [[Business magnate|industrialist]] and early [[Nazi Party]] backer, committed suicide, knowing he would be held accountable for the group's [[Crimes against humanity|crimes]] and complicity in [[War crimes of the Wehrmacht|war crimes]].<ref>https://www.mpg.de/195494/Kaiser_Wilhelm_Society</ref>
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==Post-war==
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By the end of the Second World War, the KWG and its institutes had lost their central location in Berlin and were operating in other locations. The KWG was operating out of its Aerodynamics Testing Station in [[Göttingen]]. [[Albert Vögler]], the president of the KWG, committed suicide on 14 April 1945. Thereupon, Ernst Telschow assumed the duties until [[Max Planck]] could be brought from [[Magdeburg]] to Göttingen, which was in the [[British Zone of Occupation|British zone]] of the [[Allied Occupation Zones in Germany]]. Planck assumed the duties on 16 May until a president could be elected. [[Otto Hahn]] was selected by directors to be president, but there were a number of difficulties to be overcome. Hahn, being related to nuclear research had been captured by the allied forces of [[Operation Alsos]], and he was still interned at [[Farm Hall]] in Britain, under [[Operation Epsilon]]. At first, Hahn was reluctant to accept the post, but others prevailed upon him to accept it. Hahn took over the presidency three months after being released and returned to Germany. However, the [[Office of Military Government, United States]] (OMGUS) passed a resolution to dissolve the KWG on 11 July 1946.
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Meanwhile, members of the British occupation forces, specifically in the Research Branch of the OMGUS, saw the society in a more favourable light and tried to dissuade the Americans from taking such action. The physicist [[Howard Percy Robertson]] was director of the department for science in the British Zone; he had a National Research Council Fellowship in the 1920s to study at the [[Georg August University of Göttingen]] and the [[Ludwig Maximilian University of Munich]]. Also, Colonel Bertie Blount was on the staff of the British Research Branch, and he had received his doctorate at Göttingen under Walther Borsche. Among other things, Bertie suggested to Hahn to write to Sir [[Henry Hallett Dale]], who had been the president of the [[Royal Society]], which he did. While in Britain, Bertie also spoke with Dale, who came up with a suggestion. Dale believed that it was only the name which conjured up a pejorative picture and suggested that the society be renamed the Max Planck Gesellschaft. On 11 September 1946, the [[Max Planck Gesellschaft]] was founded in the British Zone only. The second founding took place on 26 February 1948 for both the American and British occupation zones. The physicists [[Max von Laue]] and [[Walther Gerlach]] were also instrumental in establishing the society across the allied zones, including the French zone.<ref>Macrakis, 1993, 187-198.</ref><ref>Hentschel, 1996, Appendix A; see the entries for the Kaiser Wilhelm Gesellschaft and the Kaiser Wilhelm Institute for Fluid Dynamics Research.</ref>
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== Presidents ==
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* [[Adolf von Harnack]] (1911–1930)
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* [[Max Planck]] (1930–1937, 16 May 1945-31 March 1946)
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* [[Carl Bosch]] (1937–1940)
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* [[Albert Vögler]] (1941–1945)
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* [[Otto Hahn]] (1 April 1946 &ndash; 10 September 1946 in the British Occupation Zone)
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== Institutes, testing stations and units ==
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===Kaiser Wilhelm Institutes===
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* KWI for Animal Breeding Research, founded in [[Dummerstorf]]. Transformed into a research institute of the (East)-German Academy of Sciences.
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*[[Kaiser Wilhelm Institute of Anthropology, Human Heredity, and Eugenics|KWI of Anthropology, Human Heredity and Eugenics]], founded 1926 in Berlin-Dahlem.
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* KWI for Bast Fibre Research, founded 1938 in [[Sorau]]. It was moved to [[Šumperk|Mährisch Schönberg]] in 1941 and to Bielefeld in 1946. After its incorporation into the [[Max Planck Society]] in 1948 and two further relocations to Westheim and Niedermarsberg in 1951 it was incorporated into the [[Max Planck Institute for Breeding Research]] and moved to Köln-Vogelsang. The Institute was closed down in 1957. Its first director was [[Ernst Schilling]] 1938-1945 and 1948-1951.
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* KWI for Biology, founded 1912 in Berlin and moved to [[Tübingen]] in 1943. It was then the [[Max Planck Institute for Biology]] until 2005.
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* KWI for Biochemistry, founded 1912. Nowadays, there exists the [[Max Planck Institute of Biochemistry]], but there is no straight relation between the institutes.
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* KWI for Biophysics, formerly the Institut für Physikalische Grundlagen der Medizin of [[Friedrich Dessauer]] was incorporated into the KWG by [[Boris Rajewsky]] in 1937. The Institute is located in [[Frankfurt am Main]]. It is now the [[Max Planck Institute for Biophysics]].
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* KWI for Brain Research, founded 1914 in Berlin by [[Oskar Vogt]]. It is now the [[Max Planck Institute for Brain Research]].
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* KWI for Cell Physiology, founded 1930 in [[Dahlem (Berlin)|Dahlem]], [[Berlin]] by [[Otto Heinrich Warburg]] and the [[Rockefeller Foundation]].
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* KWI for Chemistry, founded 1911 in Dahlem. It is now the [[Max Planck Institute for Chemistry]], also known as the Otto Hahn Institute.
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* KWI for Coal Research Institute of the KWG, founded 1912 in [[Mülheim]]. It is now the [[Max Planck Institute für Kohlenforschung]].
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* KWI for Comparative and International Private Law, founded 1926 in Berlin by [[Ernst Rabel]].<ref>Kunze, Rolf-Ulrich (2004). ''Ernst Rabel und das Kaiser-Wilhelm-Institut für ausländisches und internationales Privatrecht 1926-1945''. Göttingen: Wallstein. p. 13.</ref> It is now the [[Max Planck Institute for Comparative and International Private Law]] in [[Hamburg]].
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* KWI for Comparative Public Law and International Law, founded 1924 in Berlin; the first director was Viktor Bruns.<ref>Kunze (2004), p. 47-48.</ref> It is now the [[Max Planck Institute for Comparative Public Law and International Law]] in [[Heidelberg]].
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* KWI for Experimental Therapy, founded in 1915 by [[August von Wasserman]].
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* KWI for Fiber Chemistry, founded in 1920 by [[Reginald Oliver Herzog]], closed in 1934.
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* KWI of Flow (Fluid Dynamics) Research, founded 1925. [[Ludwig Prandtl]] was the director from 1926 to 1946. It is now the [[Max Planck Institute for Dynamics and Self-Organization]].
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* KWI for German History, founded 1917 in Berlin. It was later the [[Max Planck Institute for History]], now transformed a Max Planck Institute for multi-ethnic societies.
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* KWI for Hydrobiological Research. One of its directors was [[August Friedrich Thienemann]].
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* KWI for Iron Research, founded 1917 in [[Aachen]] and it moved to [[Düsseldorf]] in 1921. It is now the [[Max Planck Institute for Iron Research GmbH]].
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* KWI for Leather Research, founded 1921 in [[Dresden]] by [[Max Bergmann]]. It became a part of an institute that later the [[Max Planck Institute of Biochemistry]] in [[Martinsried]].
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* KWI for Medical Research founded 1929 in [[Heidelberg]] by [[Ludolf von Krehl]]. It is now the [[Max Planck Institute for Medical Research]] in Heidelberg.
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* KWI for Metals Research, founded 1921 in Neubabelsberg. It closed in 1933 and reopened in Stuttgart in 1934. It is now the [[Max Planck Institute for Metals Research]] in [[Stuttgart]].
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* KWI for Plant Breeding Research, founded in [[Müncheberg]] in 1929 by [[Erwin Baur]]. It is now the [[Max Planck Institute for Plant Breeding Research]] located in [[Cologne]].
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* KWI for Physical Chemistry and Electrochemistry, founded 1911 in Dahlem, Berlin. It is now the [[Fritz Haber Institute of the MPG]], named after [[Fritz Haber]], who was the director 1911-1933.
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* KWI for Physics, founded 1917 in Berlin. [[Albert Einstein]] was the director 1917-1933; in 1922, [[Max von Laue]] became deputy director and took over administrative duties from Einstein. It is now the [[Max Planck Institute for Physics]]; also known as the Werner Heisenberg Institute.
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* KWI for Physiology of Effort (Work)/KWI for Occupational Physiology, founded 1912 in Berlin, moved to Dortmund in 1929. It is now the [[Max Planck Institute for Molecular Physiology]] in Dortmund.
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* German Research Institute for Psychiatry (a Kaiser Wilhelm institute) in Munich. It is now the Max Planck Institute of Psychiatry.
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* KWI for Silicate Research, founded 1926 in Berlin-Dahlem by Wilhelm Eitel.
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* KWI for Textile Chemistry
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* KWI Vine Breeding
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===Kaiser Wilhelm Society organisations===
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* Aerodynamic Testing Station (Göttingen e. V.) of the Kaiser Wilhelm Society. The testing unit Aerodynamische Versuchsanstalt (AVA) was formed in 1925 along with the KWI of Flow (Fluid Dynamics) Research. In 1937, it became the testing station of the KWG.
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* Biological Station Lunz of the Kaiser Wilhelm Society
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* German Entomological Institute of the Kaiser Wilhelm Society
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* Hydrobiological Station of the Kaiser Wilhelm Society
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* Institute for Agricultural Work Studies in the Kaiser Wilhelm Society
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* Research Unit "D" in the Kaiser Wilhelm Society
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* [[Rossitten Bird Observatory|Rossitten Bird Station]] of the Kaiser Wilhelm Society, founded 1901 in [[Rossitten]] and integrated into the Kaiser Wilhelm Society in 1921. The ornithological station was ceased at the end of the Second World War, but work continues at the ornithological station [[Radolfzell]] which is part of the Max Planck Institute for Ornithology.
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* [[Province of Silesia|Silesian]] Coal Research Institute of the Kaiser Wilhelm Society, in [[Breslau]].
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===Institutions outside Germany===
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* Bibliotheca Hertziana, founded 1913 in Rome. It is now the [[Bibliotheca Hertziana - Max Planck Institute of Art History]] in Rome.
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* German-Bulgarian Institute for Agricultural Science founded in 1940 in Sofia.
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* German-Greek Institute for Biology in the Kaiser Wilhelm Society founded in 1940 in Athens.
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*  German-Italian Institute for Marine Biology at Rovigno, Italy.
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*Kaiser Wilhelm Institute for Cultivated Plant Research founded in 1940 in Vienna, Austria.
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===Other===
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* Institute for the Science of Agricultural Work—founded in 1940 in Breslau.
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* Institute for Theoretical Physics
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* Research Unit for Virus Research of the Kaiser Wilhelm Institute for Biochemistry and the Kaiser Wilhelm Institute for Biology
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{{SMWDocs}}
 
{{SMWDocs}}
 
==References==
 
==References==
 
{{reflist}}
 
{{reflist}}
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{{Stub}}
 

Latest revision as of 07:53, 3 February 2021

Group.png Kaiser Wilhelm Institute  
(University, Research institute)Rdf-entity.pngRdf-icon.png
Formation1911
HeadquartersGermany
Interestseugenics, genetics
Sponsored byRockefeller Foundation
A sprawling umbrella organization for many institutes, testing stations, and research units. After 1945, continued as the Max Planck Society.
Former Kaiser-Wilhelm-Institut for Chemistry in Berlin, the place at which nuclear fission was first detected
Former Kaiser-Wilhelm-Institut for Biology, Berlin

The Kaiser Wilhelm Society for the Advancement of Science (German Kaiser-Wilhelm-Gesellschaft zur Förderung der Wissenschaften) was a German scientific institution established in the German Empire in 1911. Its functions were taken over by the Max Planck Society. The Kaiser Wilhelm Society was an umbrella organisation for many institutes, testing stations, and research units created under its authority.

Constitution

Opening of the Kaiser-Wilhelm-Institut in Berlin-Dahlem, 1913. From right: Adolf von Harnack, Friedrich von Ilberg, Kaiser Wilhelm II, Carl Neuberg, August von Trott zu Solz

The Kaiser Wilhelm Gesellschaft (KWG) was founded in 1911 in order to promote the natural sciences in Germany, by founding and maintaining research institutions formally independent from the state and its administrations. The institutions were to be under the guidance of prominent directors, which included luminaries such as Walther Bothe, Peter Debye, Albert Einstein, Fritz Haber and Otto Hahn; a board of trustees also provided guidance.

Funding was ultimately obtained from sources internal and external to Germany. Internally, money was raised from individuals, industry and the government, as well as through the Notgemeinschaft der Deutschen Wissenschaft (Emergency Association of German Science).

External to Germany, the Rockefeller Foundation granted students worldwide one-year study stipends, for whichever institute they chose, some studied in Germany.[1][2][3] In contrast to the German universities, with their formal independence from state administrations the institutions of the Kaiser Wilhelm Gesellschaft had no obligation to teach students.

The Kaiser Wilhelm Institute and its research facilities were involved in weapons research, experimentation and production in both the First World War and the Second World War. During the World War I, the group, and in particular Fritz Haber, was responsible for introducing the use of poison gas as a weapon.[4] This was in direct violation of established international law.

Eugenics and Human Experiments

The Kaiser Wilhelm Institute's Institute for Anthropology, Human Heredity and Eugenics became known for its eugenics research, something which was a strong part of mainstream science in at the time. The institute provided the "scientific" basis of legitimacy for the genetic health and race policy of the National Socialist state.[5]

During World War II, some of the weapons and medical research performed by the KWI was connected to fatal human experimentation on living test subjects (prisoners) in Nazi concentration camps.[6] In fact, members of the KWI of Anthropology, Human Heredity and Eugenics, particularly Otmar von Verschuer received preserved Jewish bodies and body parts such as eyes for study and display from Auschwitz. [7] These were provided by his pupil Dr. Josef Mengele from prisoners in his charge. He specialized in examining twins, and their genetic relationship, especially for their eye colour and other personal qualities.[8] As the American forces closed in on the relocated KWI, the organization's president, Albert Vögler, an industrialist and early Nazi Party backer, committed suicide, knowing he would be held accountable for the group's crimes and complicity in war crimes.[9]

Post-war

By the end of the Second World War, the KWG and its institutes had lost their central location in Berlin and were operating in other locations. The KWG was operating out of its Aerodynamics Testing Station in Göttingen. Albert Vögler, the president of the KWG, committed suicide on 14 April 1945. Thereupon, Ernst Telschow assumed the duties until Max Planck could be brought from Magdeburg to Göttingen, which was in the British zone of the Allied Occupation Zones in Germany. Planck assumed the duties on 16 May until a president could be elected. Otto Hahn was selected by directors to be president, but there were a number of difficulties to be overcome. Hahn, being related to nuclear research had been captured by the allied forces of Operation Alsos, and he was still interned at Farm Hall in Britain, under Operation Epsilon. At first, Hahn was reluctant to accept the post, but others prevailed upon him to accept it. Hahn took over the presidency three months after being released and returned to Germany. However, the Office of Military Government, United States (OMGUS) passed a resolution to dissolve the KWG on 11 July 1946.

Meanwhile, members of the British occupation forces, specifically in the Research Branch of the OMGUS, saw the society in a more favourable light and tried to dissuade the Americans from taking such action. The physicist Howard Percy Robertson was director of the department for science in the British Zone; he had a National Research Council Fellowship in the 1920s to study at the Georg August University of Göttingen and the Ludwig Maximilian University of Munich. Also, Colonel Bertie Blount was on the staff of the British Research Branch, and he had received his doctorate at Göttingen under Walther Borsche. Among other things, Bertie suggested to Hahn to write to Sir Henry Hallett Dale, who had been the president of the Royal Society, which he did. While in Britain, Bertie also spoke with Dale, who came up with a suggestion. Dale believed that it was only the name which conjured up a pejorative picture and suggested that the society be renamed the Max Planck Gesellschaft. On 11 September 1946, the Max Planck Gesellschaft was founded in the British Zone only. The second founding took place on 26 February 1948 for both the American and British occupation zones. The physicists Max von Laue and Walther Gerlach were also instrumental in establishing the society across the allied zones, including the French zone.[10][11]

Presidents

Institutes, testing stations and units

Kaiser Wilhelm Institutes

Kaiser Wilhelm Society organisations

  • Aerodynamic Testing Station (Göttingen e. V.) of the Kaiser Wilhelm Society. The testing unit Aerodynamische Versuchsanstalt (AVA) was formed in 1925 along with the KWI of Flow (Fluid Dynamics) Research. In 1937, it became the testing station of the KWG.
  • Biological Station Lunz of the Kaiser Wilhelm Society
  • German Entomological Institute of the Kaiser Wilhelm Society
  • Hydrobiological Station of the Kaiser Wilhelm Society
  • Institute for Agricultural Work Studies in the Kaiser Wilhelm Society
  • Research Unit "D" in the Kaiser Wilhelm Society
  • Rossitten Bird Station of the Kaiser Wilhelm Society, founded 1901 in Rossitten and integrated into the Kaiser Wilhelm Society in 1921. The ornithological station was ceased at the end of the Second World War, but work continues at the ornithological station Radolfzell which is part of the Max Planck Institute for Ornithology.
  • Silesian Coal Research Institute of the Kaiser Wilhelm Society, in Breslau.

Institutions outside Germany

  • Bibliotheca Hertziana, founded 1913 in Rome. It is now the Bibliotheca Hertziana - Max Planck Institute of Art History in Rome.
  • German-Bulgarian Institute for Agricultural Science founded in 1940 in Sofia.
  • German-Greek Institute for Biology in the Kaiser Wilhelm Society founded in 1940 in Athens.
  • German-Italian Institute for Marine Biology at Rovigno, Italy.
  • Kaiser Wilhelm Institute for Cultivated Plant Research founded in 1940 in Vienna, Austria.

Other

  • Institute for the Science of Agricultural Work—founded in 1940 in Breslau.
  • Institute for Theoretical Physics
  • Research Unit for Virus Research of the Kaiser Wilhelm Institute for Biochemistry and the Kaiser Wilhelm Institute for Biology


 

Event
Rockefeller Foundation

 

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References

  1. ↑ Macrakis, 1993, pp. 11–28 and 273–274.
  2. ↑ Hentschel, 1996, Appendix A; see the entries for the Kaiser Wilhelm Gesellschaft and the Kaiser Wilhelm Institute for Fluid Dynamics Research.
  3. ↑ List of Kaiser Wilhelm Institutes Archived 2013-09-09 at the Wayback Machine. in summary of holdings, Section I (Bestandsübersicht, I. Abteilung), on the website of the Max Planck Gesellschaft Archives (in German). Retrieved 2015-08-29.
  4. ↑ https://www.mpg.de/195494/Kaiser_Wilhelm_Society
  5. ↑ Hans-Walter Schmuhl: Grenzüberschreitungen. Das Kaiser-Wilhelm-Institut für Anthropologie, menschliche Erblehre und Eugenik 1927–1945. Wallstein, Göttingen 2005, S. 531
  6. ↑ Müller-Hill, Benno (1999). "The Blood from Auschwitz and the Silence of the Scholars". History and Philosophy of the Life Sciences. 21 (3): 331–365
  7. ↑ https://www.mpg.de/195494/Kaiser_Wilhelm_Society
  8. ↑ https://www.mpg.de/195494/Kaiser_Wilhelm_Society
  9. ↑ https://www.mpg.de/195494/Kaiser_Wilhelm_Society
  10. ↑ Macrakis, 1993, 187-198.
  11. ↑ Hentschel, 1996, Appendix A; see the entries for the Kaiser Wilhelm Gesellschaft and the Kaiser Wilhelm Institute for Fluid Dynamics Research.
  12. ↑ Kunze, Rolf-Ulrich (2004). Ernst Rabel und das Kaiser-Wilhelm-Institut für ausländisches und internationales Privatrecht 1926-1945. Göttingen: Wallstein. p. 13.
  13. ↑ Kunze (2004), p. 47-48.
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