Difference between revisions of "Switzerland/National Bank"
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|logo=SNB-Logo-positiv-blau.svg | |logo=SNB-Logo-positiv-blau.svg | ||
|leaders=Swiss National Bank/Chair | |leaders=Swiss National Bank/Chair | ||
| − | | | + | |description=The [[central bank]] of [[Switzerland]] |
|headquarters=Bern, Zurich | |headquarters=Bern, Zurich | ||
|website=http://www.snb.ch/ | |website=http://www.snb.ch/ | ||
}} | }} | ||
| + | The '''Swiss National Bank''' is the [[central bank]] of [[Switzerland]], responsible for the nation's monetary policy and the sole issuer of Swiss franc (CHF) banknotes. | ||
| + | |||
| + | The [[SNB]] is an ''[[Aktiengesellschaft]]'' under special regulations and has two head offices, one in [[Bern]] and one in [[Zurich]]. | ||
| + | |||
| + | With the inception of Article 99 of the Federal Constitution, in May [[2004]], the National Bank achieved formal independence from politics (but instead beholden to [[neoliberal]] financial interests). | ||
| + | |||
| + | The Swiss National Bank invests its assets, particularly in the stock market. In 2018, its share portfolio stood at CHF 153 billion. | ||
| + | |||
| + | ==Responsibilities== | ||
| + | The basic governing principles of the [[SNB]] are contained within Article 99 of the Federal Constitution, which deals with matters of monetary policy.<ref>http://www.snb.ch/en/iabout/snb/legal/id/snb_legal_law </ref> There are three numbered factors concerning principles explicitly mentioning the [[SNB]], of four altogether shown within the Article. The [[SNB]] is therefore obliged by constitutional statute law to act in accordance with the [[economic]] interests of [[Switzerland]].<ref>http://www.snb.ch/en/mmr/reference/Bundesverfassung_Art_99/source/Art_99_Geld_und_Waehrung_en.pdf</ref> Accordingly, the prime function of the [[SNB]] is: | ||
| + | |||
| + | {{QB|to pursue a reliable monetary policy for the benefit of the Swiss economy and the Swiss people.<ref>https://web.archive.org/web/20150512001758/http://www.snb.ch/e/welt/contact/pdf/bro_b_e.pdf </ref>}} | ||
| + | |||
| + | ===Cash supply and distribution=== | ||
| + | The Swiss National Bank is entrusted with the note-issuing privilege. It supplies the economy with banknotes. It is also charged by the [[Swiss Confederation]] with the task of coin distribution. | ||
| + | |||
| + | ===Cashless payment transactions=== | ||
| + | In the field of cashless payment transactions, the [[SNB]] provides services for payments between banks. These are settled in the [[Swiss Interbank Clearing]] (SIC) system via sight deposit accounts held with the [[SNB]]. | ||
| + | |||
| + | ===Investment of currency reserves=== | ||
| + | The Swisss National Bank manages [[currency reserves]]. These engender confidence in the Swiss franc, help to prevent and overcome crises and may be utilised for interventions in the [[foreign exchange market]]. | ||
| + | |||
| + | ===Financial system stability=== | ||
| + | The [[SNB]] contributes to the stability of the financial system by acting as an arbiter over monetary policy. Within the context of this task, it analyses sources of risk to the financial system, oversees systemically important payment and securities settlement systems and helps to promote an operational environment for the financial sector. | ||
| + | |||
| + | ===International monetary cooperation=== | ||
| + | Together with the federal authorities, the [[SNB]] participates in international monetary cooperation and provides technical assistance. | ||
| + | |||
| + | ===Banker to the Confederation=== | ||
| + | The Swiss National Bank acts as banker to the [[Swiss Confederation]]. It processes payments on behalf of the Confederation, issues money market debt register claims and bonds, handles the safekeeping of securities and carries out money market and foreign exchange transactions. | ||
| + | |||
| + | ===Statistics=== | ||
| + | The [[SNB]] compiles statistical data on banks and financial markets, the balance of payments, the international investment position and the Swiss financial accounts. | ||
| + | |||
| + | ==Gold reserves== | ||
| + | The [[SNB]] manages the [[official gold reserves]] of [[Switzerland]], which as of 2008 amount to 1,145 [[tonne]]s and are valued at 30.5 billion [[Swiss franc|CHF]].<ref>http://ext.bernerzeitung.ch/artikel_549321.html</ref> The gold is believed to be stored in huge vaults beneath the Federal Square (''[[Bundesplatz (Bern)|Bundesplatz]]'') to the north of the [[Federal Palace of Switzerland|Federal parliament building]] in [[Bern]], but the [[SNB]] treats the location of the gold reserves as a secret. Independent confirmation of the gold's location was obtained by the Bernese newspaper ''[[Der Bund]]'' in 2008. It published a photograph of the bullion that a keystone photographer was allowed to take at the [[SNB]] premises in Bern in 2001. | ||
| + | |||
| + | The [[SNB]] says that the gold reserves are stored in different safe places in [[Switzerland]] (70% -mostly under the [[Bundesplatz]] in Berne and at the [[Bank for International Settlements]] in Basel) and abroad (i.e. [[Bank of England]] and [[Bank of Canada]]).<ref>http://www.24heures.ch/suisse/bns-occupera-conseil-etats/story/12954185</ref> | ||
| + | |||
| + | From the latter years of the 1990s until sometime during 2005, the [[SNB]] transferred from its possession (incompetently, when the [[gold price]] was at its historic low)<ref>https://www.swissinfo.ch/eng/politics/gold-reserves_swiss-love-affair-with-gold-could-heat-up-again/41101844</ref> half of its gold reserves, following the [[London Conference on Nazi Gold|Nazi gold affair]]. | ||
| + | |||
| + | === World War II === | ||
| + | The Swiss National Bank provided 1.2 billion [[Swiss franc|CHF]] to the [[Reichsbank]], of this, a value of approximately 780 million CHF of the gold given to the [[SNB]] was gold which had been looted by the forces of Germany. In addition the [[SNB]] also exchanged between 1.2 and 1.6 billion CHF for gold from the [[Allies of World War II|Allied forces]].<ref>https://books.google.com/books?id=Qe92SCpUBM8C&pg=PT87</ref> During 20 April 1944, gold from the gold reserves of Italy arrived from [[Como]] at the railway station within [[Chiasso]].<ref>Toniolo, Gianni; Clement, Piet (16 May 2005). Central Bank Cooperation at the Bank for International Settlements, 1930–1973. Studies in Macroeconomic History. Cambridge University Press. p. 252</ref> | ||
| + | |||
| + | There is controversy over the role of the Swiss National Bank in the transfer of [[Nazi gold]] during [[World War II]]. The [[SNB]] was the largest gold distribution centre in [[continental Europe]] before the war. A study by the [[US Department of State]] in 1997, with the intent to get the Swiss banking system under its control, notes that the bank "must have known that some portion of the gold it was receiving from the Reichsbank was looted from occupied countries".<ref>https://1997-2001.state.gov/www/policy_remarks/1998/980602_eizenstat_nazigld.html </ref> This was confirmed by the Swiss [[Bergier Commission]] in 1998 which concluded that the [[SNB]] received US$440 million in gold from Nazi sources,<ref>http://www.uek.ch/en/publikationen1997-2000/golde.pdf quote=All in all, the Reichsbank shipped gold valued at 1,922 million francs, or 444 million dollars to Switzerland during the war.</ref> of which US$316 million is estimated to have been looted.{{Citation needed}} | ||
| + | |||
{{SMWDocs}} | {{SMWDocs}} | ||
==References== | ==References== | ||
{{reflist}} | {{reflist}} | ||
| − | |||
Latest revision as of 15:43, 25 November 2024
 Switzerland/National Bank  (Central bank)    | |
|---|---|
 | |
| Headquarters | Bern, Zurich |
| Leader | Swiss National Bank/Chair |
| Subpage | •Switzerland/National Bank/Chair |
| The central bank of Switzerland | |
The Swiss National Bank is the central bank of Switzerland, responsible for the nation's monetary policy and the sole issuer of Swiss franc (CHF) banknotes.
The SNB is an Aktiengesellschaft under special regulations and has two head offices, one in Bern and one in Zurich.
With the inception of Article 99 of the Federal Constitution, in May 2004, the National Bank achieved formal independence from politics (but instead beholden to neoliberal financial interests).
The Swiss National Bank invests its assets, particularly in the stock market. In 2018, its share portfolio stood at CHF 153 billion.
Responsibilities
The basic governing principles of the SNB are contained within Article 99 of the Federal Constitution, which deals with matters of monetary policy.[1] There are three numbered factors concerning principles explicitly mentioning the SNB, of four altogether shown within the Article. The SNB is therefore obliged by constitutional statute law to act in accordance with the economic interests of Switzerland.[2] Accordingly, the prime function of the SNB is:
to pursue a reliable monetary policy for the benefit of the Swiss economy and the Swiss people.[3]
Cash supply and distribution
The Swiss National Bank is entrusted with the note-issuing privilege. It supplies the economy with banknotes. It is also charged by the Swiss Confederation with the task of coin distribution.
Cashless payment transactions
In the field of cashless payment transactions, the SNB provides services for payments between banks. These are settled in the Swiss Interbank Clearing (SIC) system via sight deposit accounts held with the SNB.
Investment of currency reserves
The Swisss National Bank manages currency reserves. These engender confidence in the Swiss franc, help to prevent and overcome crises and may be utilised for interventions in the foreign exchange market.
Financial system stability
The SNB contributes to the stability of the financial system by acting as an arbiter over monetary policy. Within the context of this task, it analyses sources of risk to the financial system, oversees systemically important payment and securities settlement systems and helps to promote an operational environment for the financial sector.
International monetary cooperation
Together with the federal authorities, the SNB participates in international monetary cooperation and provides technical assistance.
Banker to the Confederation
The Swiss National Bank acts as banker to the Swiss Confederation. It processes payments on behalf of the Confederation, issues money market debt register claims and bonds, handles the safekeeping of securities and carries out money market and foreign exchange transactions.
Statistics
The SNB compiles statistical data on banks and financial markets, the balance of payments, the international investment position and the Swiss financial accounts.
Gold reserves
The SNB manages the official gold reserves of Switzerland, which as of 2008 amount to 1,145 tonnes and are valued at 30.5 billion CHF.[4] The gold is believed to be stored in huge vaults beneath the Federal Square (Bundesplatz) to the north of the Federal parliament building in Bern, but the SNB treats the location of the gold reserves as a secret. Independent confirmation of the gold's location was obtained by the Bernese newspaper Der Bund in 2008. It published a photograph of the bullion that a keystone photographer was allowed to take at the SNB premises in Bern in 2001.
The SNB says that the gold reserves are stored in different safe places in Switzerland (70% -mostly under the Bundesplatz in Berne and at the Bank for International Settlements in Basel) and abroad (i.e. Bank of England and Bank of Canada).[5]
From the latter years of the 1990s until sometime during 2005, the SNB transferred from its possession (incompetently, when the gold price was at its historic low)[6] half of its gold reserves, following the Nazi gold affair.
World War II
The Swiss National Bank provided 1.2 billion CHF to the Reichsbank, of this, a value of approximately 780 million CHF of the gold given to the SNB was gold which had been looted by the forces of Germany. In addition the SNB also exchanged between 1.2 and 1.6 billion CHF for gold from the Allied forces.[7] During 20 April 1944, gold from the gold reserves of Italy arrived from Como at the railway station within Chiasso.[8]
There is controversy over the role of the Swiss National Bank in the transfer of Nazi gold during World War II. The SNB was the largest gold distribution centre in continental Europe before the war. A study by the US Department of State in 1997, with the intent to get the Swiss banking system under its control, notes that the bank "must have known that some portion of the gold it was receiving from the Reichsbank was looted from occupied countries".[9] This was confirmed by the Swiss Bergier Commission in 1998 which concluded that the SNB received US$440 million in gold from Nazi sources,[10] of which US$316 million is estimated to have been looted.[citation needed]
Related Document
| Title | Type | Publication date | Author(s) | Description |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Document:Credit Suisse and the power of money | Article | 20 March 2023 | Peter Schwarz | The merger creates a monster bank with a balance sheet total of CHF (Swiss francs) 1.5 trillion ($1.6 trillion), almost twice the gross domestic product of Switzerland, which amounted to CHF 771 billion in 2022. If it enters a tailspin, it will trigger a tsunami that will drag the Swiss state budget and parts of the world economy into the abyss. |
References
- ↑ http://www.snb.ch/en/iabout/snb/legal/id/snb_legal_law
- ↑ http://www.snb.ch/en/mmr/reference/Bundesverfassung_Art_99/source/Art_99_Geld_und_Waehrung_en.pdf
- ↑ https://web.archive.org/web/20150512001758/http://www.snb.ch/e/welt/contact/pdf/bro_b_e.pdf
- ↑ http://ext.bernerzeitung.ch/artikel_549321.html
- ↑ http://www.24heures.ch/suisse/bns-occupera-conseil-etats/story/12954185
- ↑ https://www.swissinfo.ch/eng/politics/gold-reserves_swiss-love-affair-with-gold-could-heat-up-again/41101844
- ↑ https://books.google.com/books?id=Qe92SCpUBM8C&pg=PT87
- ↑ Toniolo, Gianni; Clement, Piet (16 May 2005). Central Bank Cooperation at the Bank for International Settlements, 1930–1973. Studies in Macroeconomic History. Cambridge University Press. p. 252
- ↑ https://1997-2001.state.gov/www/policy_remarks/1998/980602_eizenstat_nazigld.html
- ↑ http://www.uek.ch/en/publikationen1997-2000/golde.pdf quote=All in all, the Reichsbank shipped gold valued at 1,922 million francs, or 444 million dollars to Switzerland during the war.
