19th century

19th century  (Century)

Colonialism

Patriotism and racism were used to create public support for shouldering the "white man's burden" - i.e. colonialism

Colonial control was sometimes taken, sometimes veiled (cryptocolonialism). A continuity of control is detectable in many (perhaps even most) colonial relationships, notwithstanding the many official declarations of "independence". Large nation states or those with important strategic roles often had semi-secret groups or those operating in an international grey area.

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References

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