Difference between revisions of "Iceland/President"
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| + | The '''president of Iceland''' is the [[head of state]] of [[Iceland]]. The president is elected to a four-year term by popular vote, is not term-limited, and has limited powers. | ||
| + | |||
| + | ==Origin== | ||
| + | When [[1944 Icelandic constitutional referendum|Iceland became a republic in 1944 by the passing of a new constitution]] the position of [[Monarchy of Iceland|King of Iceland]] was simply replaced by the president of Iceland. A transitional provision of the new constitution stipulated that the first president be elected by the Parliament. | ||
| + | |||
| + | ==Executive powers== | ||
| + | |||
| + | ===Cabinet=== | ||
| + | The president appoints ministers to the [[Cabinet of Iceland]], determines their number and division of assignments. Ministers are not able to resign and must be discharged by the president. The ministers are delegated the president's executive powers and are solely responsible for their actions. | ||
| + | |||
| + | In the aftermath of general elections, the president has the role to designate a party leader (the one that the president considers most likely to be able to form a majority coalition government) to formally start negotiations to form a government.<ref name=":0">http://www.visindavefur.is/svar.php?id=22085</ref> [[Sveinn Björnsson]] and [[Ásgeir Ásgeirsson]] played highly active roles in the formation of governments, attempting to set up governments that suited their political preferences, whereas [[Kristján Eldjárn]] and [[Vigdís Finnbogadóttir]] were passive and neutral as to individuals and parties comprising the government. | ||
| + | |||
| + | ===State Council=== | ||
| + | The president and the Cabinet meet in the State Council. The Cabinet must inform the president of important matters of the state and drafted bills. During meetings the Cabinet may also suggest convening, adjourning or dissolving the Parliament. | ||
| + | |||
| + | ===Prosecution and pardoning=== | ||
| + | The president can decide that the prosecution for an offense be discontinued and can also grant [[pardon]] and amnesty. | ||
| + | |||
| + | ===Legislative powers=== | ||
| + | Article 2 of the constitution states that the president and the Parliament jointly exercise the legislative power. The president signs bills passed by the Parliament into law and can choose not to sign them, thus in effect [[veto]]ing them. Bills vetoed by the president still take effect, should the Parliament not withdraw them, but they must be confirmed in a referendum. [[Ólafur Ragnar Grímsson]] (who served 1996–2016) is the only president to have vetoed legislation from Parliament, having done so only on three occasions (2004, 2010, 2011). This power was originally intended to be used only in extremely extenuating circumstances. | ||
| + | |||
| + | The president has the power to submit bills and resolutions to the Parliament which it must take under consideration. Should the Parliament not be in session the president can issue provisional laws which must conform with the constitution. Provisional laws become void if the Parliament does not confirm them when it convenes. No president has ever submitted bills nor resolutions, nor issued provisional laws. | ||
| + | |||
| + | Article 30 of the constitution states that the president can grant exceptions from laws. No president has yet exercised this authority. | ||
| + | |||
| + | ===Parliament=== | ||
| + | The president convenes the Parliament after general elections and formally dissolves it. He can temporarily adjourn its sessions and move them if he deems so necessary. Furthermore, the president opens all regular sessions of the Parliament each year. | ||
| + | |||
| + | |||
| + | |||
{{SMWDocs}} | {{SMWDocs}} | ||
==References== | ==References== | ||
{{reflist}} | {{reflist}} | ||
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Latest revision as of 02:20, 19 April 2021
 Iceland/President  (President) | |
|---|---|
| Start | 1944 |
| President of Iceland | |
The president of Iceland is the head of state of Iceland. The president is elected to a four-year term by popular vote, is not term-limited, and has limited powers.
Contents
Origin
When Iceland became a republic in 1944 by the passing of a new constitution the position of King of Iceland was simply replaced by the president of Iceland. A transitional provision of the new constitution stipulated that the first president be elected by the Parliament.
Executive powers
Cabinet
The president appoints ministers to the Cabinet of Iceland, determines their number and division of assignments. Ministers are not able to resign and must be discharged by the president. The ministers are delegated the president's executive powers and are solely responsible for their actions.
In the aftermath of general elections, the president has the role to designate a party leader (the one that the president considers most likely to be able to form a majority coalition government) to formally start negotiations to form a government.[1] Sveinn Björnsson and Ásgeir Ásgeirsson played highly active roles in the formation of governments, attempting to set up governments that suited their political preferences, whereas Kristján Eldjárn and Vigdís Finnbogadóttir were passive and neutral as to individuals and parties comprising the government.
State Council
The president and the Cabinet meet in the State Council. The Cabinet must inform the president of important matters of the state and drafted bills. During meetings the Cabinet may also suggest convening, adjourning or dissolving the Parliament.
Prosecution and pardoning
The president can decide that the prosecution for an offense be discontinued and can also grant pardon and amnesty.
Legislative powers
Article 2 of the constitution states that the president and the Parliament jointly exercise the legislative power. The president signs bills passed by the Parliament into law and can choose not to sign them, thus in effect vetoing them. Bills vetoed by the president still take effect, should the Parliament not withdraw them, but they must be confirmed in a referendum. Ólafur Ragnar Grímsson (who served 1996–2016) is the only president to have vetoed legislation from Parliament, having done so only on three occasions (2004, 2010, 2011). This power was originally intended to be used only in extremely extenuating circumstances.
The president has the power to submit bills and resolutions to the Parliament which it must take under consideration. Should the Parliament not be in session the president can issue provisional laws which must conform with the constitution. Provisional laws become void if the Parliament does not confirm them when it convenes. No president has ever submitted bills nor resolutions, nor issued provisional laws.
Article 30 of the constitution states that the president can grant exceptions from laws. No president has yet exercised this authority.
Parliament
The president convenes the Parliament after general elections and formally dissolves it. He can temporarily adjourn its sessions and move them if he deems so necessary. Furthermore, the president opens all regular sessions of the Parliament each year.
