https://wikispooks.com/w/index.php?title=Mustard_gas&feed=atom&action=historyMustard gas - Revision history2024-03-28T13:35:59ZRevision history for this page on the wikiMediaWiki 1.33.2https://wikispooks.com/w/index.php?title=Mustard_gas&diff=204253&oldid=prevTerje: tidy2021-02-24T05:55:46Z<p>tidy</p>
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<tr><td class='diff-marker'> </td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #222; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>==World War I==</div></td><td class='diff-marker'> </td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #222; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>==World War I==</div></td></tr>
<tr><td class='diff-marker'>−</td><td style="color: #222; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #ffe49c; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div><del style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">===Use===</del></div></td><td colspan="2"> </td></tr>
<tr><td class='diff-marker'> </td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #222; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>[[Image:155mmMustardGasShells.jpg|thumb|right|Pallets of 155 mm [[artillery shell]]s containing "HD" (distilled mustard gas agent) at [[Pueblo Chemical Depot|Pueblo chemical weapons storage facility]]. The distinctive [[Bottled gas#Colour coding|color-coding]] scheme on each shell is visible]]</div></td><td class='diff-marker'> </td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #222; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>[[Image:155mmMustardGasShells.jpg|thumb|right|Pallets of 155 mm [[artillery shell]]s containing "HD" (distilled mustard gas agent) at [[Pueblo Chemical Depot|Pueblo chemical weapons storage facility]]. The distinctive [[Bottled gas#Colour coding|color-coding]] scheme on each shell is visible]]</div></td></tr>
<tr><td class='diff-marker'> </td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #222; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>Mustard agent was first [[use of poison gas in World War I|used effectively in World War I]] by the German army against British and Canadian soldiers near [[Ypres]], Belgium, in 1917 and later also against the [[French Second Army]]. The name '''''Yperite''''' comes from its usage by the German army near the town of Ypres. The Allies did not use mustard agent until November 1917 at [[Cambrai]], France, after the armies had captured a stockpile of German mustard shells. It took the British more than a year to develop their own mustard agent weapon, with production of the chemicals centred on [[Avonmouth Docks]] (the only option available to the British was the Despretz–Niemann–Guthrie process).<ref>http://www.bristolpast.co.uk/#/avonmouth/4546933962</ref>This was used first in September 1918 during the breaking of the [[Hindenburg Line]].</div></td><td class='diff-marker'> </td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #222; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>Mustard agent was first [[use of poison gas in World War I|used effectively in World War I]] by the German army against British and Canadian soldiers near [[Ypres]], Belgium, in 1917 and later also against the [[French Second Army]]. The name '''''Yperite''''' comes from its usage by the German army near the town of Ypres. The Allies did not use mustard agent until November 1917 at [[Cambrai]], France, after the armies had captured a stockpile of German mustard shells. It took the British more than a year to develop their own mustard agent weapon, with production of the chemicals centred on [[Avonmouth Docks]] (the only option available to the British was the Despretz–Niemann–Guthrie process).<ref>http://www.bristolpast.co.uk/#/avonmouth/4546933962</ref>This was used first in September 1918 during the breaking of the [[Hindenburg Line]].</div></td></tr>
</table>Terjehttps://wikispooks.com/w/index.php?title=Mustard_gas&diff=204252&oldid=prevTerje: unstub2021-02-24T05:55:15Z<p>unstub</p>
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<tr><td class='diff-marker'> </td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #222; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>|constitutes=chemical weapon</div></td><td class='diff-marker'> </td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #222; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>|constitutes=chemical weapon</div></td></tr>
<tr><td colspan="2"> </td><td class='diff-marker'>+</td><td style="color: #222; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #a3d3ff; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div><ins style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">|description=A first generation chemical weapon</ins></div></td></tr>
<tr><td class='diff-marker'> </td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #222; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>}}</div></td><td class='diff-marker'> </td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #222; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>}}</div></td></tr>
<tr><td class='diff-marker'> </td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #222; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>[[image:Gassed.jpg|500px|left]]</div></td><td class='diff-marker'> </td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #222; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>[[image:Gassed.jpg|500px|left]]</div></td></tr>
<tr><td colspan="2"> </td><td class='diff-marker'>+</td><td style="color: #222; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #a3d3ff; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div><ins style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">''Mustard gas''', though technically not a gas and often called '''sulfur mustard''' by scholarly sources, is the prototypical substance of the sulfur-based family of cytotoxic and [[Blister agent|vesicant]] [[chemical warfare agent]]s, which can form large [[blister]]s on exposed skin and in the lungs.<ref>http://www.inchem.org/documents/iarc/suppl7/mustardgas.html https://web.archive.org/web/20060809143200/http://www.bt.cdc.gov/agent/sulfurmustard/basics/facts.asp|archive-date=2006-08-09</ref> </ins></div></td></tr>
<tr><td colspan="2"> </td><td class='diff-marker'>+</td><td style="color: #222; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #a3d3ff; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div><ins style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;"></ins></div></td></tr>
<tr><td colspan="2"> </td><td class='diff-marker'>+</td><td style="color: #222; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #a3d3ff; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div><ins style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">It has a history of use as a blister-agent in warfare and, along with [[organoarsenic compound]]s such as [[Lewisite]], is the most well-studied of such agents. Related chemical compounds with similar chemical structure and similar properties form a class of compounds known collectively as sulfur mustards or mustard agents. Pure sulfur mustards are colorless, viscous liquids at room temperature. When used in impure form, such as warfare agents, they are usually [[tawny (color)|yellow-brown]] and have an odor resembling [[mustard plant]]s, [[garlic]], or [[horseradish]], hence the name. </ins></div></td></tr>
<tr><td colspan="2"> </td><td class='diff-marker'>+</td><td style="color: #222; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #a3d3ff; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div><ins style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;"></ins></div></td></tr>
<tr><td colspan="2"> </td><td class='diff-marker'>+</td><td style="color: #222; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #a3d3ff; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div><ins style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">The common name of "mustard gas" is inaccurate because the sulfur mustard is not actually vaporized, but dispersed as a fine mist of liquid droplets. Mustard gas was originally assigned the name LOST, after the scientists Wilhelm Lommel and [[Wilhelm Steinkopf]], who developed a method of large-scale production for the [[German Army (German Empire)|Imperial German Army]] in 1916.<ref>http://saebi.isgv.de/biografie/Wilhelm_Steinkopf_%281879-1949%29</ref></ins></div></td></tr>
<tr><td colspan="2"> </td><td class='diff-marker'>+</td><td style="color: #222; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #a3d3ff; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div><ins style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;"></ins></div></td></tr>
<tr><td colspan="2"> </td><td class='diff-marker'>+</td><td style="color: #222; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #a3d3ff; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div><ins style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">Mustard agents are regulated under the 1993 [[Chemical Weapons Convention]]. Three classes of chemicals are monitored under this Convention, with sulfur and [[nitrogen mustard]] grouped in [[List of Schedule 1 substances (CWC)|Schedule 1]], as substances with no use other than in [[chemical warfare]] (though since then, mustard gas has been found to be useful in cancer chemotherapy<ref>https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC5325736</ref>). Mustard agents could be deployed by means of [[artillery shell]]s, [[aerial bomb]]s, [[rocket]]s, or by spraying from [[warplane]]s or other aircraft.</ins></div></td></tr>
<tr><td colspan="2"> </td><td class='diff-marker'>+</td><td style="color: #222; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #a3d3ff; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div><ins style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;"></ins></div></td></tr>
<tr><td colspan="2"> </td><td class='diff-marker'>+</td><td style="color: #222; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #a3d3ff; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div><ins style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">Mustard gas is relatively easy to make, but has been supplanted by new categories of chemical weapons, most notably the far more potent [[nerve gas]] agents. Therefore, modern armies progressively reduced or abandoned their mustard gas capabilities, but it remained attainable for less technically advanced countries or recently, groups like [[ISIS]].</ins></div></td></tr>
<tr><td colspan="2"> </td><td class='diff-marker'>+</td><td style="color: #222; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #a3d3ff; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div><ins style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;"></ins></div></td></tr>
<tr><td class='diff-marker'> </td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #222; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>==World War I==</div></td><td class='diff-marker'> </td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #222; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>==World War I==</div></td></tr>
<tr><td colspan="2"> </td><td class='diff-marker'>+</td><td style="color: #222; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #a3d3ff; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div><ins style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">===Use===</ins></div></td></tr>
<tr><td colspan="2"> </td><td class='diff-marker'>+</td><td style="color: #222; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #a3d3ff; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div><ins style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">[[Image:155mmMustardGasShells.jpg|thumb|right|Pallets of 155 mm [[artillery shell]]s containing "HD" (distilled mustard gas agent) at [[Pueblo Chemical Depot|Pueblo chemical weapons storage facility]]. The distinctive [[Bottled gas#Colour coding|color-coding]] scheme on each shell is visible]]</ins></div></td></tr>
<tr><td colspan="2"> </td><td class='diff-marker'>+</td><td style="color: #222; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #a3d3ff; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div><ins style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">Mustard agent was first [[use of poison gas in World War I|used effectively in World War I]] by the German army against British and Canadian soldiers near [[Ypres]], Belgium, in 1917 and later also against the [[French Second Army]]. The name '''''Yperite''''' comes from its usage by the German army near the town of Ypres. The Allies did not use mustard agent until November 1917 at [[Cambrai]], France, after the armies had captured a stockpile of German mustard shells. It took the British more than a year to develop their own mustard agent weapon, with production of the chemicals centred on [[Avonmouth Docks]] (the only option available to the British was the Despretz–Niemann–Guthrie process).<ref>http://www.bristolpast.co.uk/#/avonmouth/4546933962</ref>This was used first in September 1918 during the breaking of the [[Hindenburg Line]].</ins></div></td></tr>
<tr><td colspan="2"> </td><td class='diff-marker'>+</td><td style="color: #222; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #a3d3ff; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div><ins style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;"></ins></div></td></tr>
<tr><td colspan="2"> </td><td class='diff-marker'>+</td><td style="color: #222; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #a3d3ff; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div><ins style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">Mustard agent was dispersed as an [[aerosol]] in a mixture with other chemicals, giving it a yellow-brown color and a distinctive odor. Mustard agent has also been dispersed in such munitions as [[aerial bomb]]s, [[land mine]]s, [[mortar (weapon)|mortar rounds]], [[artillery shell]]s, and [[rocket]]s. Exposure to mustard agent was lethal in about 1% of cases. Its effectiveness was as an [[incapacitating agent]]. The early countermeasures against mustard agent were relatively ineffective, since a soldier wearing a [[WWI gas mask|gas mask]] was not protected against absorbing it through his skin and being blistered. The effectiveness of using a urine-soaked mask or facecloth to prevent or reduce injury, a common anecdotal field-expedient remedy attested by soldiers in documentaries e.g. They Shall Not Grow Old in 2018 and others (such as forward aid nurses) interviewed between 1947 and 1981 by the British Broadcasting Corporation for various World War One history programs on being gassed remains unclear.</ins></div></td></tr>
<tr><td colspan="2"> </td><td class='diff-marker'>+</td><td style="color: #222; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #a3d3ff; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div><ins style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;"></ins></div></td></tr>
<tr><td colspan="2"> </td><td class='diff-marker'>+</td><td style="color: #222; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #a3d3ff; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div><ins style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">Mustard agent is a persistent weapon that remains on the ground for weeks, and it continues to cause ill effects. If mustard agent contaminates a soldier's clothing and equipment while cold, then the other soldiers or nurses with whom they share an enclosed space could become poisoned as contaminated items warms up enough to become an airborne toxic agent, and an example of this was depicted in a British and Canadian documentary about life in the trenches particularly once the "sousterrain" (subways and berthing areas underground) were completed in Belgium and France. Towards the end of World War I, mustard agent was used in high concentrations as an [[area denial weapons|area-denial weapon]] that forced troops to abandon heavily contaminated areas.</ins></div></td></tr>
<tr><td colspan="2"> </td><td class='diff-marker'>+</td><td style="color: #222; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #a3d3ff; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div><ins style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;"></ins></div></td></tr>
<tr><td colspan="2"> </td><td class='diff-marker'>+</td><td style="color: #222; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #a3d3ff; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div><ins style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">==After World War I==</ins></div></td></tr>
<tr><td colspan="2"> </td><td class='diff-marker'>+</td><td style="color: #222; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #a3d3ff; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div><ins style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">Since World War I, mustard agent has been used in several wars and other conflicts, usually against people who cannot retaliate in kind:<ref>http://www.cbwinfo.com/Chemical/Blister/HD.shtml</ref></ins></div></td></tr>
<tr><td colspan="2"> </td><td class='diff-marker'>+</td><td style="color: #222; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #a3d3ff; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div><ins style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;"></ins></div></td></tr>
<tr><td colspan="2"> </td><td class='diff-marker'>+</td><td style="color: #222; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #a3d3ff; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div><ins style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">* United Kingdom against the [[Red Army]] in 1919<ref>https://web.archive.org/web/20100822165939/http://www.fas.org/bwc/papers/review/cwtable.htm</ref></ins></div></td></tr>
<tr><td colspan="2"> </td><td class='diff-marker'>+</td><td style="color: #222; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #a3d3ff; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div><ins style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">* [[Spain under the Restoration|Spain]] and [[French Third Republic|France]] against the [[Riffian people|Rifian]] resistance in [[French protectorate of Morocco|Morocco]] in 1921–27<ref>https://web.archive.org/web/20070724063602/http://www.cbwinfo.com/Chemical/Blister/HD.shtml</reF><ref name="GCSY">https://web.archive.org/web/20070711035041/http://www.sussex.ac.uk/Units/spru/hsp/Feakes%20chapter.pdf</ref></ins></div></td></tr>
<tr><td colspan="2"> </td><td class='diff-marker'>+</td><td style="color: #222; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #a3d3ff; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div><ins style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">* [[Kingdom of Italy|Italy]] in [[Italian Libya|Libya]] in 1930<ref>https://web.archive.org/web/20100822165939/http://www.fas.org/bwc/papers/review/cwtable.htm</ref></ins></div></td></tr>
<tr><td colspan="2"> </td><td class='diff-marker'>+</td><td style="color: #222; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #a3d3ff; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div><ins style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">* The [[Soviet Union]] in [[Xinjiang]], [[Republic of China (1912–1949)|Republic of China]], during the [[Soviet Invasion of Xinjiang]] against the [[36th Division (National Revolutionary Army)]] in 1934, and also in the [[Xinjiang War (1937)]] in 1936–37<ref>https://web.archive.org/web/20100822165939/http://www.fas.org/bwc/papers/review/cwtable.htm</ref></ins></div></td></tr>
<tr><td colspan="2"> </td><td class='diff-marker'>+</td><td style="color: #222; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #a3d3ff; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div><ins style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">* Italy against [[Ethiopian Empire|Abyssinia]] (now [[Ethiopia]]) from [[Second Italo-Abyssinian War|1935 to 1940]]<ref>https://web.archive.org/web/20100822165939/http://www.fas.org/bwc/papers/review/cwtable.htm</ref></ins></div></td></tr>
<tr><td colspan="2"> </td><td class='diff-marker'>+</td><td style="color: #222; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #a3d3ff; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div><ins style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">* The [[Japanese Empire]] against [[Republic of China (1912–1949)|China]] in [[Second Sino-Japanese War|1937–1945]]<ref>https://web.archive.org/web/20100822165939/http://www.fas.org/bwc/papers/review/cwtable.htm</ref></ins></div></td></tr>
<tr><td colspan="2"> </td><td class='diff-marker'>+</td><td style="color: #222; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #a3d3ff; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div><ins style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">* The 2 December 1943 [[air raid on Bari]] destroyed an Allied stockpile of mustard gas on the [[SS John Harvey|SS ''John Harvey'']].<ref>{K. Coleman (23 May 2005). A History of Chemical Warfare. Palgrave Macmillan UK. pp. 74–</ref></ins></div></td></tr>
<tr><td colspan="2"> </td><td class='diff-marker'>+</td><td style="color: #222; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #a3d3ff; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div><ins style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">* Egypt against [[Yemen Arab Republic|North Yemen]] in 1963–1967<ref>https://web.archive.org/web/20100822165939/http://www.fas.org/bwc/papers/review/cwtable.htm</ref></ins></div></td></tr>
<tr><td colspan="2"> </td><td class='diff-marker'>+</td><td style="color: #222; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #a3d3ff; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div><ins style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">* Iraq against [[Kurds]] in the town of [[Halabja]] during the [[Halabja chemical attack]]<ref>https://www.reuters.com/article/topNews/idUSBLA84491620080709 </ref> </ins></div></td></tr>
<tr><td colspan="2"> </td><td class='diff-marker'>+</td><td style="color: #222; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #a3d3ff; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div><ins style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">* Iraq against Iranians in [[Iran–Iraq War|1983–1988]]<ref >https://academic.oup.com/jat/article/21/4/249/679412</ref></ins></div></td></tr>
<tr><td colspan="2"> </td><td class='diff-marker'>+</td><td style="color: #222; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #a3d3ff; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div><ins style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">* Possibly in Sudan against insurgents in the [[Second Sudanese Civil War|civil war]], in 1995 and 1997.<ref>http://www.cbwinfo.com/Chemical/Blister/HD.shtml</ref></ins></div></td></tr>
<tr><td colspan="2"> </td><td class='diff-marker'>+</td><td style="color: #222; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #a3d3ff; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div><ins style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">* In the [[Iraq War]], abandoned stockpiles of mustard gas shells were destroyed in the open air,<ref>https://www.nytimes.com/2014/11/07/world/middleeast/-more-than-600-reported-chemical-weapons-exposure-in-iraq-pentagon-acknowledges.html</ref> and were used against Coalition forces in [[roadside bomb]]s.<ref>https://www.nytimes.com/2015/03/26/world/middleeast/army-apologizes-for-handling-of-chemical-weapon-exposure-cases.html?_r=0</ref></ins></div></td></tr>
<tr><td colspan="2"> </td><td class='diff-marker'>+</td><td style="color: #222; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #a3d3ff; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div><ins style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">* By [[Islamic State of Iraq and the Levant|ISIS]] forces against [[Peshmerga|Kurdish]] forces in Iraq in August 2015.<ref>http://ca.reuters.com/article/topNews/idCAKCN0VO1IC </ref></ins></div></td></tr>
<tr><td colspan="2"> </td><td class='diff-marker'>+</td><td style="color: #222; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #a3d3ff; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div><ins style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">* By ISIS against another rebel group in the town of [[Mare']] in 2015.<ref>https://www.reuters.com/article/us-mideast-crisis-syria-chemicalweapons-idUSKCN0SU2PZ20151106</ref></ins></div></td></tr>
<tr><td colspan="2"> </td><td class='diff-marker'>+</td><td style="color: #222; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #a3d3ff; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div><ins style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">* By [[ISIS]] against the Syrian Army during the battle in [[Deir ez-Zor]] in 2016.<ref>https://www.bbc.com/news/world-middle-east-35968604</ref></ins></div></td></tr>
<tr><td colspan="2"> </td><td class='diff-marker'>+</td><td style="color: #222; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #a3d3ff; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div><ins style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;"></ins></div></td></tr>
<tr><td colspan="2"> </td><td class='diff-marker'>+</td><td style="color: #222; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #a3d3ff; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div><ins style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">In 1943, during the Second World War, an American shipment of mustard agent exploded aboard [[SS John Harvey|a supply ship]] that was [[Air raid on Bari|bombed during an air raid]] in the harbor of [[Bari]], Italy. Eighty-three of the 628 hospitalized victims who had been exposed to the mustard agent died.<ref>Faguet, Guy B. (2005). The War on Cancer. Springer. p. 71</ref></ins></div></td></tr>
<tr><td colspan="2"> </td><td class='diff-marker'>+</td><td style="color: #222; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #a3d3ff; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div><ins style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;"></ins></div></td></tr>
<tr><td colspan="2"> </td><td class='diff-marker'>+</td><td style="color: #222; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #a3d3ff; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div><ins style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">After WWII, stockpiled mustard agent was dumped by the British in the sea near [[Port Elizabeth]], South Africa, resulting in burn cases among trawler crews.<ref>http://samilitaryhistory.org/92/92junnew.html </ref></ins></div></td></tr>
<tr><td colspan="2"> </td><td class='diff-marker'>+</td><td style="color: #222; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #a3d3ff; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div><ins style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;"></ins></div></td></tr>
<tr><td colspan="2"> </td><td class='diff-marker'>+</td><td style="color: #222; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #a3d3ff; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div><ins style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">The use of toxic gases or other chemicals, including mustard agent, during warfare is known as [[chemical warfare]], and this kind of warfare was prohibited by the [[Geneva Protocol|Geneva Protocol of 1925]], and also by the later [[Chemical Weapons Convention|Chemical Weapons Convention of 1993]]. The latter agreement also prohibits the development, production, stockpiling, and sale of such weapons.</ins></div></td></tr>
<tr><td colspan="2"> </td><td class='diff-marker'>+</td><td style="color: #222; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #a3d3ff; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div><ins style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;"></ins></div></td></tr>
<tr><td colspan="2"> </td><td class='diff-marker'>+</td><td style="color: #222; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #a3d3ff; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div><ins style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;"></ins></div></td></tr>
<tr><td class='diff-marker'> </td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #222; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>{{SMWDocs}}</div></td><td class='diff-marker'> </td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #222; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>{{SMWDocs}}</div></td></tr>
<tr><td class='diff-marker'> </td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #222; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>==References==</div></td><td class='diff-marker'> </td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #222; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>==References==</div></td></tr>
<tr><td class='diff-marker'> </td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #222; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>{{reflist}}</div></td><td class='diff-marker'> </td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #222; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>{{reflist}}</div></td></tr>
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</table>Terjehttps://wikispooks.com/w/index.php?title=Mustard_gas&diff=160202&oldid=prevRobin: Created page with "{{concept |wikipedia=https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sulfur_mustard |image=Mustard gas.png |constitutes=chemical weapon }} left ==World War I== {{SMWD..."2019-05-24T15:52:35Z<p>Created page with "{{concept |wikipedia=https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sulfur_mustard |image=Mustard gas.png |constitutes=chemical weapon }} <a href="/wiki/File:Gassed.jpg" title="File:Gassed.jpg">500px|left</a> ==World War I== {{SMWD..."</p>
<p><b>New page</b></p><div>{{concept<br />
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==World War I==<br />
{{SMWDocs}}<br />
==References==<br />
{{reflist}}<br />
{{Stub}}</div>Robin