Difference between revisions of "Cedric Belfrage"

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|wikipedia=https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cedric_Belfrage
 
|wikipedia=https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cedric_Belfrage
 
|spartacus=http://spartacus-educational.com/SPYbelfrage.htm
 
|spartacus=http://spartacus-educational.com/SPYbelfrage.htm
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|amazon=https://www.amazon.com/Cedric-Belfrage/e/B000APH8EQ/
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|image=Cedric Belfrage.jpg
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|alma_mater= Gresham's School,Corpus Christi College (Cambridge)
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|nationality=UK
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|interests=British Security Coordination
 
|birth_date=8 November 1904
 
|birth_date=8 November 1904
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|birth_place=London
 
|death_date=21 June 1990
 
|death_date=21 June 1990
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|death_place=Cuernavaca, Mexico
 
|constitutes=spook, writer, film critic, political activist
 
|constitutes=spook, writer, film critic, political activist
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|description=Part of [[British Security Coordination]], then press control officer in Germany after the WW2. Suspected Soviet agent, or British double-agent.
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|employment=
 
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'''Cedric Henning Belfrage''' was an English film critic, journalist, writer and political activist.<ref name="auto">https://www.nytimes.com/1990/06/22/obituaries/cedric-belfrage-85-target-of-communist-inquiry.html</ref> During the [[World War II|Second World War]], Belfrage worked in the [[British Security Coordination]], the massive British covert effort to bring the [[United States]] into the war<ref name="auto1"/>. After the fall of [[Nazi Germany]], he was appointed as a "press control officer" in the Anglo-American [[Psychological Warfare Division]] and was dispatched to Germany to help reorganize that nation's newspapers.
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He is best remembered as a co-founder of the radical US weekly ''[[National Guardian]]''.<ref name="auto"/> Later Belfrage was referenced as a Soviet agent in the US intelligence [[Venona project]], although it appears he had been working for [[British Security Co-ordination]] as a double agent.<ref> ''[[Financial Times|The Financial Times]]'', ''Cedric Belfrage - sixth man Soviet spy who hid in plain sight''. By Sam Jones, Defence and Security Editor, 21 August 2015.</ref>
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==Early years==
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Cedric Henning Belfrage was born in [[Marylebone]], London, on 8 November 1904, the son of [[Sydney Henning Belfrage]] and Frances Grace (née Powley).<ref>Cedric Belfrage and James Aronson, ''Something to Guard: The Stormy Life of the National Guardian, 1948–1967''. New York: Columbia University Press, 1978, p. 4.</ref> He was educated at [[Gresham's School]],<ref>https://www.greshams.com/old-greshamians/old-greshamians-people/og-media/</ref> before entering [[Corpus Christi College, Cambridge|Corpus Christi College]], [[University of Cambridge|Cambridge]]. There he had the same room as [[Christopher Marlowe]] had in the 16th century.<ref>https://www.bbc.co.uk/programmes/b069xy2b</ref>
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While still a Cambridge student, Belfrage began a writing career as a film critic, with a first article in ''Kinematograph Weekly'' in 1924.<ref>https://spartacus-educational.com/SPYbelfrage.ht</ref> In 1927 he went to Hollywood, where he was hired by the ''[[New York Sun]]'' and ''Film Weekly'' as a correspondent.<ref name="auto1">https://www.bbc.com/news/uk-34012395</ref> Belfrage returned to London in 1930 as [[Sam Goldwyn]]'s press agent.<ref>https://www.indiewire.com/2015/08/british-film-critic-was-a-soviet-spy-130488/ </ref> Returning to Hollywood, he became politically active, joining the [[Hollywood Anti-Nazi League]] and co-editing a left-wing literary magazine called ''The Clipper''.<ref>http://dlib.nyu.edu/findingaids/html/tamwag/tam_143/</ref> He decided to make the United States his home and took out first papers for citizenship in 1937, although he failed to complete the process within the statutory seven-year time limit.<ref>Belfrage and Aronson, p. 7.</ref>
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Belfrage joined the [[Communist Party USA]] in 1937, but withdrew his membership a few months later.<ref name="auto1"/> Thereafter, he maintained a friendly but critical relationship as a so-called "fellow traveler" outside party membership and discipline, recalling in his 1978 memoir that for "temperamentally argumentative" adherents of socialism such as himself, such status as a "non-Communist, non-anti-Communist... suited us better."<ref name=BaR8>Belfrage and Aronson, p. 8.</ref> Despite his non-membership in the American Communist Party, Belfrage remained a believer that it functioned as "the core of the radical movement."<ref name=BaR8/>
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==Second World War==
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During the [[World War II|Second World War]], Belfrage worked in the [[British Security Coordination]] for the Western hemisphere.<ref name="auto1"/> After the fall of [[Nazi Germany]], he was appointed as a "press control officer" in the Anglo-American [[Psychological Warfare Division]] and was dispatched to Germany to help reorganize that nation's newspapers.<ref>https://books.google.com/books?id=EoHZfzzdoP0C&q=cedric+belfrage+press+control+officer&pg=PA25</ref> He and his associates requisitioned buildings, equipment, and supplies for a new "democratic" German press and oversaw a purge of Nazi collaborators from the new German newspaper industry.<ref>Belfrage and Aronson, pp. 1–2.</ref>
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It was while Belfrage was in [[Frankfurt]] working to establish the ''[[Frankfurter Rundschau]]'' – a new daily – that he met [[James Aronson]], a veteran newspaper reporter and editor from [[Boston]] who shared Belfrage's radical politics.<ref name=BaR4>Belfrage and Aronson, ''Something to Guard,'' pg. 4.</ref> Aronson was attached to Belfrage and together the pair helped to establish new newspapers in [[Heidelberg]], [[Kassel]], [[Stuttgart]], and [[Bremen]], developing a friendship and forging vague plans to launch a new radical newspaper in the United States following the end of the war.<ref name=BaR4/>
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Belfrage was soon discharged from the Army and returned to the United States, however, and nothing immediately came of the pair's plans. Aronson returned to a job with the then-liberal ''[[New York Post]]'' in April 1946, moving later that year to a new job with ''[[The New York Times]].''<ref>Belfrage and Aronson, p. 9.</ref>
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==''National Guardian''==
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[[File:National-Guardian.jpg|thumb|right|220px|''The National Guardian'' was established by Belfrage, James Aronson, and John T. McManus in 1948 in conjunction with the Henry Wallace for President campaign.]]
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In 1948, Belfrage co-founded, together with James Aronson and [[John T. McManus]], a radical weekly newspaper called the ''[[National Guardian]]''.<ref name="auto2">https://books.google.com/books?id=vV0yDwAAQBAJ&q=cedric+belfrage+the+national+guardian&pg=PA270</ref> He would remain affiliated with the publication – renamed ''The Guardian'' in 1967 – until late in the 1960s.<ref name="auto2"/>
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==Later years==
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At the height of [[McCarthyism]], Belfrage was summoned in 1953 to appear before the [[House Un-American Activities Committee]] (HUAC).<ref>Evans, M. Stanton (6 November 2007). [https://books.google.com/books?id=vz42rDYmf3wC&q=cedric+belfrage+mccarthy&pg=PA41 Blacklisted by History: The Untold Story of Senator Joe McCarthy and His Fight Against America's Enemies.] Crown Publishing Group. ISBN 9780307238665. Retrieved 21 June 2019 – via Google Books.</ref> In 1955, he was deported back to England.<ref name="auto3">Munro, John (21 September 2017). [https://books.google.com/books?id=vV0yDwAAQBAJ&q=cedric+belfrage+the+national+guardian&pg=PA270 The Anticolonial Front: The African American Freedom Struggle and Global Decolonisation, 1945–1960.] Cambridge University Press. ISBN 9781316992883. Retrieved 21 June 2019 – via Google Books.</ref> His wife, Molly Castle, had already been deported by that time.<ref name="auto3"/> He travelled to [[Cuba]] in 1961.<ref>https://books.google.com/books?id=2m4lAQAAMAAJ&q=cedric+belfrage+travelled+to+cuba</ref> In 1962, he travelled throughout South America, finally settling in [[Cuernavaca, Mexico]].<ref> Lewis, David Levering (1 September 2001). [https://books.google.com/books?id=DoUNs3Y-QdgC&q=cedric+belfrage+cuernevaca&pg=PA679 W. E. B. Du Bois, 1919-1963: The Fight for Equality and the American Century.] Henry Holt and Company. ISBN 9781466841505. Retrieved 21 June 2019 – via Google Books.</ref>
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Belfrage returned to the US for the first time in 1973, touring around the country with to promote his new book, ''The American Inquisition''.<ref>https://www.kirkusreviews.com/book-reviews/cedric-belfrage/the-american-inquisition-1945-1960/</ref> He later debuted as a Spanish-English translator, notably for the Latin American author [[Eduardo Galeano]]. He was commissioned by ''Monthly Review Press'' to translate Galeano's ''Open Veins of Latin America''.<ref>Verdeja, Ernesto (1 January 2000). "Book Review: Eduardo Galeano Open Veins of Latin America: Five Centuries of the Pillage of a Continent (1998) (Translated by Cedric Belfrage) Foreword by Isabel Allende New York: Monthly Review Press, 1998". Critical Sociology. 26 (1–2): 175–178. </ref> Belfrage continued to write extensively until his last years.<ref>https://www.worldcat.org/search?qt=worldcat_org_all&q=cedric+belfrage</ref>
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==Intelligence allegations==
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According to FBI files, Belfrage was questioned by the [[FBI]] in 1947 about his involvement with the [[Communist Party USA|Communist Party]]. The interview covered his relations with CPUSA General Secretary [[Earl Browder]], [[Jacob Golos]], [[V. J. Jerome]], and [[surveillance]]s and documents about [[Scotland Yard]] and the [[Vichy Government]] of France.<ref name=Decoding>John Earl Haynes and Harvey Klehr, ''Venona: Decoding Soviet Espionage in America.'' New Haven, CT: Yale University Press, 2009; pp. 109–111, 312. See also John Earl Haynes, Harvey Klehr, and Alexander Vassiliev, ''Spies: The Rise and Fall of the KGB in America.'' New Haven, CT: Yale University Press, 2009; pp. 191 and 581, footnote 89.</ref> In her 1951 memoir ''Out of Bondage'', [[Elizabeth Bentley]] (who had reported to Golos) recounted Belfrage's interactions with Golos.<ref>Bentley, Elizabeth (1951). [https://books.google.com/books?id=yz41AAAAIAAJ Out of Bondage: The Story of Elizabeth Bentley.] Devin-Adair. pp. 201–202. Retrieved 19 August 2018.</ref>
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In 1995, intercepts decrypted by [[Venona project|Venona]] – a project between the US and British intelligence services to decipher Soviet messages – were made public. United States intelligence has alleged that Unnamed Codename Number 9 (UNC/9) was Belfrage. Venona also had a cover name "Charlie" that was not identified by the [[FBI]].
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The 1948 ''Gorsky Memo'', found in Soviet Archives, identifies Belfrage as having a covert relationship with Soviet intelligence as a member of the "Sound" and "Myrna" groups. Seven Venona decrpyts reference UNC/9 in passing conversations between Belfrage's bureau chief and Winston Churchill on to the [[Soviets]].<ref name=Decoding/> Belfrage is referenced in the following Venona decrypts, 592 KGB New York to Moscow, 29 April 1943; 725 KGB New York to Moscow, 19 May 1943, p. 1 725, KGB New York to Moscow, 19 May 1943, p. 2, 810 KGB New York to Moscow, 29 May 1943, p. 1, 810 KGB New York to Moscow, 29 May 1943, p. 2, 952 KGB New York to Moscow, 21 June 1943, p. 1, 952 KGB New York to Moscow, 21 June 1943, p. 2, 974 KGB New York to Moscow, 22 June 1943, p. 1, 974 KGB New York to Moscow, 22 June 1943, p. 2, 1430 KGB New York to Moscow, 2 September 1943, 1452 KGB New York to Moscow, 8 September 1943, p. 1, 1452 KGB New York to Moscow, 8 September 1943, p. 2. During the period in question, the United States and the [[Soviet Union]] were wartime allies while at the same time the Soviet Union maintained a spy network of American citizens who passed US secrets to the Soviets.<ref>Harvey Klehr, John Earl Haynes, and Fredrikh I. Firsov, ''The Secret World of American Communism'', New Haven: Yale University Press, 1995, p. 233.</ref>
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==Personal life==
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He and his wife, Molly Castle, had two children; [[Sally Belfrage|Sally]] and [[Nicolas Belfrage|Nicolas]].<ref>http://downloads.bbc.co.uk/radio4/Nicolas-Belfrage-statement.pdf </ref> He also had a child, Anne Hertz (Zribi), with partner Anne-Marie Hertz.<ref>http://dlib.nyu.edu/findingaids/html/tamwag/tam_143/dscaspace_ref16.html</ref> Cedric was the younger brother of actor and [[BBC]] [[News presenter|newsreader]] [[Bruce Belfrage]] (1900–1974). Cedric's uncle was [[Bryan Powley]], the actor who began his career in the era of [[Silent film]].
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==Death==
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Cedric Belfrage died on 21 June 1990 in [[Mexico]], aged 85.
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==Present-day allegations==
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In August 2015, [[Christopher Andrew (historian)|Christopher Andrew]], professor of modern history at Cambridge and official historian of [[MI5]] accessed documents released from the [[The National Archives (United Kingdom)|UK National Archive]] which confirmed that Belfrage worked for the [[Secret Intelligence Service]] (MI6) during the war and also spied for the [[Soviet Union]].<ref>https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/uk-34012395</ref> The ''[[Financial Times]]'' described Belfrage as "a 'sixth man' to stand alongside the notorious [[Cambridge Five]] spy ring."<ref>http://www.ft.com/cms/s/0/c3c3bf66-4751-11e5-af2f-4d6e0e5eda22.html</ref> Other UK print, TV and radio media carried the story.
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On 17 September 2015 a BBC Radio Four documentary "The Hollywood Spy"<ref>http://www.bbc.co.uk/programmes/b069xy2b </ref> examined Christopher Andrew's allegations, but also put forward information by historian John Simkin that Belfrage was working for [[British Security Co-ordination]] as a double-agent, which would explain why he handed information to the Soviets.<ref>http://spartacus-educational.com/spartacus-blogURL61.htm</ref>
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==Works==
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*''Away From It All''. Gollancz, London, 1937; Simon and Schuster, 1937; Literary Guild, 1937 Penguin (Britain)
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*''Promised Land''. Gollancz, London, 1937; Left Book Club, London, 1937; Republished by Garland, New York, Classics of Film Literature series, 1983
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*''Let My People Go''. Gollancz, London, 1937
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*''South of God''. Left Book Club, 1938
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*''A Faith to Free the People.'' Modern Age, New York, 1942; Dryden Press, New York, 1944; Book Find Club, 1944
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*''They All Hold Swords''. Modern Age, New York, 1941
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*''Abide With Me''. Sloane Associates, New York, 1948; Secker and Warburg, London, 1948<
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*[http://catalog.hathitrust.org/Record/000459783 ''Seeds of destruction; the truth about the U.S. occupation of Germany ''] Cameron and Kahn, New York, 1954.
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*''The Frightened Giant''. Secker and Warburg, London, 1956
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*''My Master Columbus''. Secker and Warburg, 1961; Doubleday, New York, 1962; Editiones Contemporaneous, Mexico, (in Spanish)
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*''The Man at the Door With the Gun''. Monthly Review, New York, 1963
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*''The American Inquisition''. Indianapolis, IN: Bobbs-Merrill, 1973
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*''Something to Guard: The Stormy Life of the National Guardian, 1948-1967.'' With James Aronson. New York: Columbia University Press, 1978
 
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==References==
 
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Latest revision as of 04:28, 13 April 2022

Person.png Cedric Belfrage   Amazon SpartacusRdf-entity.pngRdf-icon.png
(spook, writer, film critic, political activist)
Cedric Belfrage.jpg
Born8 November 1904
London
Died21 June 1990 (Age 85)
Cuernavaca, Mexico
NationalityUK
Alma materGresham's School, Corpus Christi College (Cambridge)
InterestsBritish Security Coordination
Part of British Security Coordination, then press control officer in Germany after the WW2. Suspected Soviet agent, or British double-agent.

Cedric Henning Belfrage was an English film critic, journalist, writer and political activist.[1] During the Second World War, Belfrage worked in the British Security Coordination, the massive British covert effort to bring the United States into the war[2]. After the fall of Nazi Germany, he was appointed as a "press control officer" in the Anglo-American Psychological Warfare Division and was dispatched to Germany to help reorganize that nation's newspapers.

He is best remembered as a co-founder of the radical US weekly National Guardian.[1] Later Belfrage was referenced as a Soviet agent in the US intelligence Venona project, although it appears he had been working for British Security Co-ordination as a double agent.[3]

Early years

Cedric Henning Belfrage was born in Marylebone, London, on 8 November 1904, the son of Sydney Henning Belfrage and Frances Grace (née Powley).[4] He was educated at Gresham's School,[5] before entering Corpus Christi College, Cambridge. There he had the same room as Christopher Marlowe had in the 16th century.[6]

While still a Cambridge student, Belfrage began a writing career as a film critic, with a first article in Kinematograph Weekly in 1924.[7] In 1927 he went to Hollywood, where he was hired by the New York Sun and Film Weekly as a correspondent.[2] Belfrage returned to London in 1930 as Sam Goldwyn's press agent.[8] Returning to Hollywood, he became politically active, joining the Hollywood Anti-Nazi League and co-editing a left-wing literary magazine called The Clipper.[9] He decided to make the United States his home and took out first papers for citizenship in 1937, although he failed to complete the process within the statutory seven-year time limit.[10]

Belfrage joined the Communist Party USA in 1937, but withdrew his membership a few months later.[2] Thereafter, he maintained a friendly but critical relationship as a so-called "fellow traveler" outside party membership and discipline, recalling in his 1978 memoir that for "temperamentally argumentative" adherents of socialism such as himself, such status as a "non-Communist, non-anti-Communist... suited us better."[11] Despite his non-membership in the American Communist Party, Belfrage remained a believer that it functioned as "the core of the radical movement."[11]

Second World War

During the Second World War, Belfrage worked in the British Security Coordination for the Western hemisphere.[2] After the fall of Nazi Germany, he was appointed as a "press control officer" in the Anglo-American Psychological Warfare Division and was dispatched to Germany to help reorganize that nation's newspapers.[12] He and his associates requisitioned buildings, equipment, and supplies for a new "democratic" German press and oversaw a purge of Nazi collaborators from the new German newspaper industry.[13]

It was while Belfrage was in Frankfurt working to establish the Frankfurter Rundschau – a new daily – that he met James Aronson, a veteran newspaper reporter and editor from Boston who shared Belfrage's radical politics.[14] Aronson was attached to Belfrage and together the pair helped to establish new newspapers in Heidelberg, Kassel, Stuttgart, and Bremen, developing a friendship and forging vague plans to launch a new radical newspaper in the United States following the end of the war.[14]

Belfrage was soon discharged from the Army and returned to the United States, however, and nothing immediately came of the pair's plans. Aronson returned to a job with the then-liberal New York Post in April 1946, moving later that year to a new job with The New York Times.[15]

National Guardian

The National Guardian was established by Belfrage, James Aronson, and John T. McManus in 1948 in conjunction with the Henry Wallace for President campaign.

In 1948, Belfrage co-founded, together with James Aronson and John T. McManus, a radical weekly newspaper called the National Guardian.[16] He would remain affiliated with the publication – renamed The Guardian in 1967 – until late in the 1960s.[16]

Later years

At the height of McCarthyism, Belfrage was summoned in 1953 to appear before the House Un-American Activities Committee (HUAC).[17] In 1955, he was deported back to England.[18] His wife, Molly Castle, had already been deported by that time.[18] He travelled to Cuba in 1961.[19] In 1962, he travelled throughout South America, finally settling in Cuernavaca, Mexico.[20]

Belfrage returned to the US for the first time in 1973, touring around the country with to promote his new book, The American Inquisition.[21] He later debuted as a Spanish-English translator, notably for the Latin American author Eduardo Galeano. He was commissioned by Monthly Review Press to translate Galeano's Open Veins of Latin America.[22] Belfrage continued to write extensively until his last years.[23]

Intelligence allegations

According to FBI files, Belfrage was questioned by the FBI in 1947 about his involvement with the Communist Party. The interview covered his relations with CPUSA General Secretary Earl Browder, Jacob Golos, V. J. Jerome, and surveillances and documents about Scotland Yard and the Vichy Government of France.[24] In her 1951 memoir Out of Bondage, Elizabeth Bentley (who had reported to Golos) recounted Belfrage's interactions with Golos.[25]

In 1995, intercepts decrypted by Venona – a project between the US and British intelligence services to decipher Soviet messages – were made public. United States intelligence has alleged that Unnamed Codename Number 9 (UNC/9) was Belfrage. Venona also had a cover name "Charlie" that was not identified by the FBI.

The 1948 Gorsky Memo, found in Soviet Archives, identifies Belfrage as having a covert relationship with Soviet intelligence as a member of the "Sound" and "Myrna" groups. Seven Venona decrpyts reference UNC/9 in passing conversations between Belfrage's bureau chief and Winston Churchill on to the Soviets.[24] Belfrage is referenced in the following Venona decrypts, 592 KGB New York to Moscow, 29 April 1943; 725 KGB New York to Moscow, 19 May 1943, p. 1 725, KGB New York to Moscow, 19 May 1943, p. 2, 810 KGB New York to Moscow, 29 May 1943, p. 1, 810 KGB New York to Moscow, 29 May 1943, p. 2, 952 KGB New York to Moscow, 21 June 1943, p. 1, 952 KGB New York to Moscow, 21 June 1943, p. 2, 974 KGB New York to Moscow, 22 June 1943, p. 1, 974 KGB New York to Moscow, 22 June 1943, p. 2, 1430 KGB New York to Moscow, 2 September 1943, 1452 KGB New York to Moscow, 8 September 1943, p. 1, 1452 KGB New York to Moscow, 8 September 1943, p. 2. During the period in question, the United States and the Soviet Union were wartime allies while at the same time the Soviet Union maintained a spy network of American citizens who passed US secrets to the Soviets.[26]

Personal life

He and his wife, Molly Castle, had two children; Sally and Nicolas.[27] He also had a child, Anne Hertz (Zribi), with partner Anne-Marie Hertz.[28] Cedric was the younger brother of actor and BBC newsreader Bruce Belfrage (1900–1974). Cedric's uncle was Bryan Powley, the actor who began his career in the era of Silent film.

Death

Cedric Belfrage died on 21 June 1990 in Mexico, aged 85.

Present-day allegations

In August 2015, Christopher Andrew, professor of modern history at Cambridge and official historian of MI5 accessed documents released from the UK National Archive which confirmed that Belfrage worked for the Secret Intelligence Service (MI6) during the war and also spied for the Soviet Union.[29] The Financial Times described Belfrage as "a 'sixth man' to stand alongside the notorious Cambridge Five spy ring."[30] Other UK print, TV and radio media carried the story.

On 17 September 2015 a BBC Radio Four documentary "The Hollywood Spy"[31] examined Christopher Andrew's allegations, but also put forward information by historian John Simkin that Belfrage was working for British Security Co-ordination as a double-agent, which would explain why he handed information to the Soviets.[32]

Works

  • Away From It All. Gollancz, London, 1937; Simon and Schuster, 1937; Literary Guild, 1937 Penguin (Britain)
  • Promised Land. Gollancz, London, 1937; Left Book Club, London, 1937; Republished by Garland, New York, Classics of Film Literature series, 1983
  • Let My People Go. Gollancz, London, 1937
  • South of God. Left Book Club, 1938
  • A Faith to Free the People. Modern Age, New York, 1942; Dryden Press, New York, 1944; Book Find Club, 1944
  • They All Hold Swords. Modern Age, New York, 1941
  • Abide With Me. Sloane Associates, New York, 1948; Secker and Warburg, London, 1948<
  • Seeds of destruction; the truth about the U.S. occupation of Germany Cameron and Kahn, New York, 1954.
  • The Frightened Giant. Secker and Warburg, London, 1956
  • My Master Columbus. Secker and Warburg, 1961; Doubleday, New York, 1962; Editiones Contemporaneous, Mexico, (in Spanish)
  • The Man at the Door With the Gun. Monthly Review, New York, 1963
  • The American Inquisition. Indianapolis, IN: Bobbs-Merrill, 1973
  • Something to Guard: The Stormy Life of the National Guardian, 1948-1967. With James Aronson. New York: Columbia University Press, 1978

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References

  1. ↑ a b https://www.nytimes.com/1990/06/22/obituaries/cedric-belfrage-85-target-of-communist-inquiry.html
  2. ↑ a b c d https://www.bbc.com/news/uk-34012395
  3. ↑ The Financial Times, Cedric Belfrage - sixth man Soviet spy who hid in plain sight. By Sam Jones, Defence and Security Editor, 21 August 2015.
  4. ↑ Cedric Belfrage and James Aronson, Something to Guard: The Stormy Life of the National Guardian, 1948–1967. New York: Columbia University Press, 1978, p. 4.
  5. ↑ https://www.greshams.com/old-greshamians/old-greshamians-people/og-media/
  6. ↑ https://www.bbc.co.uk/programmes/b069xy2b
  7. ↑ https://spartacus-educational.com/SPYbelfrage.ht
  8. ↑ https://www.indiewire.com/2015/08/british-film-critic-was-a-soviet-spy-130488/
  9. ↑ http://dlib.nyu.edu/findingaids/html/tamwag/tam_143/
  10. ↑ Belfrage and Aronson, p. 7.
  11. ↑ a b Belfrage and Aronson, p. 8.
  12. ↑ https://books.google.com/books?id=EoHZfzzdoP0C&q=cedric+belfrage+press+control+officer&pg=PA25
  13. ↑ Belfrage and Aronson, pp. 1–2.
  14. ↑ a b Belfrage and Aronson, Something to Guard, pg. 4.
  15. ↑ Belfrage and Aronson, p. 9.
  16. ↑ a b https://books.google.com/books?id=vV0yDwAAQBAJ&q=cedric+belfrage+the+national+guardian&pg=PA270
  17. ↑ Evans, M. Stanton (6 November 2007). Blacklisted by History: The Untold Story of Senator Joe McCarthy and His Fight Against America's Enemies. Crown Publishing Group. ISBN 9780307238665. Retrieved 21 June 2019 – via Google Books.
  18. ↑ a b Munro, John (21 September 2017). The Anticolonial Front: The African American Freedom Struggle and Global Decolonisation, 1945–1960. Cambridge University Press. ISBN 9781316992883. Retrieved 21 June 2019 – via Google Books.
  19. ↑ https://books.google.com/books?id=2m4lAQAAMAAJ&q=cedric+belfrage+travelled+to+cuba
  20. ↑ Lewis, David Levering (1 September 2001). W. E. B. Du Bois, 1919-1963: The Fight for Equality and the American Century. Henry Holt and Company. ISBN 9781466841505. Retrieved 21 June 2019 – via Google Books.
  21. ↑ https://www.kirkusreviews.com/book-reviews/cedric-belfrage/the-american-inquisition-1945-1960/
  22. ↑ Verdeja, Ernesto (1 January 2000). "Book Review: Eduardo Galeano Open Veins of Latin America: Five Centuries of the Pillage of a Continent (1998) (Translated by Cedric Belfrage) Foreword by Isabel Allende New York: Monthly Review Press, 1998". Critical Sociology. 26 (1–2): 175–178.
  23. ↑ https://www.worldcat.org/search?qt=worldcat_org_all&q=cedric+belfrage
  24. ↑ a b John Earl Haynes and Harvey Klehr, Venona: Decoding Soviet Espionage in America. New Haven, CT: Yale University Press, 2009; pp. 109–111, 312. See also John Earl Haynes, Harvey Klehr, and Alexander Vassiliev, Spies: The Rise and Fall of the KGB in America. New Haven, CT: Yale University Press, 2009; pp. 191 and 581, footnote 89.
  25. ↑ Bentley, Elizabeth (1951). Out of Bondage: The Story of Elizabeth Bentley. Devin-Adair. pp. 201–202. Retrieved 19 August 2018.
  26. ↑ Harvey Klehr, John Earl Haynes, and Fredrikh I. Firsov, The Secret World of American Communism, New Haven: Yale University Press, 1995, p. 233.
  27. ↑ http://downloads.bbc.co.uk/radio4/Nicolas-Belfrage-statement.pdf
  28. ↑ http://dlib.nyu.edu/findingaids/html/tamwag/tam_143/dscaspace_ref16.html
  29. ↑ https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/uk-34012395
  30. ↑ http://www.ft.com/cms/s/0/c3c3bf66-4751-11e5-af2f-4d6e0e5eda22.html
  31. ↑ http://www.bbc.co.uk/programmes/b069xy2b
  32. ↑ http://spartacus-educational.com/spartacus-blogURL61.htm
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